THE ACCURACY AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S CHILD OF ALL NATIONS
Liesti Rahmagati English Literature Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University Of Surabaya
[email protected] Dian Rivia Himmawati, S. S., M. Hum. English Literature Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University Of Surabaya
[email protected]
Abstrak Didalam terjemahan, menerjemahkan idiom masih menjadi tantangan serius bagi penerjemah dan pelajar asing untuk mengkomunikasikan makna sebenarnya dari idiom pada sumber bahasa secara akurat. Hal ini dikarenakan idiom atau ungkapan memiliki kompleksitas dimana arti dari gabungan kata tersebut berbeda dari arti kata sebenarnya. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada penjelasan tentang keakuratan dan analisa pada strategi terjemahan yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan idiom di novel Child of All Nations. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan dalam menganalisa data penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Baker (2011) tentang strategi terjemahan dalam menerjemahkan idiom, dan teori dari Larson (1984) tentang terjemahan balik dan karakteristik dari ketidakakuratan sebuah terjemahan. Beberapa proses analisis yang telah dilakukan adalah berikut ini (1) mengklasifikasikan strategi terjemahan yang digunakan penerjemah dan (2) mendiskusikan alasan mengapa penerjemah menggunakan strategi terjemahan tersebut dan mengapa masih terdapat ketidakakuratan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada 4 strategi terjemahan yang digunakan penerjemah, yaitu menerjemahkan idiom dengan makna dan bentuk yang sama (TUSMF), menerjemahkan idiom dengan makna sama tapi bentuk berbeda (TUSMDF), menerjemahkan idiom dengan parafrase (TBP), dan menerjemahkan idiom dengan penghilangan seluruh idiom (TBOE). Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 15 ketidakakuratan dari 137 idiom yang ada, ketidakakuratan tersebut terjadi pada 3 strategi terjemahan, yaitu: menerjemahkan idiom dengan makna sama tapi bentuk berbeda (TUSMDF), menerjemahkan idiom dengan parafrase (TBP), dan menerjemahkan idiom dengan penghilangan seluruh idiom (TBOE). Alasan utama mengapa ketiga strategi terjemahan tersebut terjadi ketidakakuratan karena ketiganya termasuk dalam karakteristik tidak akurat yakni terdapat perbedaan makna antara teks asli dan terjemahan serta penghilangan beberapa bagian yang ada dalam teks aslinya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak semua strategi terjemahan digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan idiom. Tujuan dari strategi-strategi terjemahan tersebut untuk menemukan kesepadanan makna pada idiom. Oleh karena itu, seorang penerjemah harus berhati-hati dalam memilih salah satu dari strategi yang akan mereka gunakan, karena strategi-strategi tersebut memiliki beberapa persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi. Kata Kunci: akurasi, idiom, strategi terjemahan.
Abstract In translation, translating idiomatic expressions is still posed serious challenge for translator and foreign learners to communicate the intended meaning of idiomatic expressions in source language accurately, because idiom or idiomatic expression has complexity where the meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words. This study focuses on describing the accuracy and analyzing the translation strategies applied by the translator in translating idiomatic expressions found in Child of All Nations’ novel. The researcher used descriptive qualitative method and to analyze the data used theory by Baker (2011) translation strategies of translating idiomatic expression, and Larson (1984) back-translation and the characteristics of inaccurate translation. Some processes of analysis done, they are: (1) classifying the translation strategies applied by translator and (2) discussing the reason why the translator used those translation strategies and why it can cause an inaccurate translation. The result shows that there are 4 translation strategies applied by translator, they are; translation using an idiom of similar meaning and form (TUSMF), translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF), translation by paraphrase (TBP), translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). It was found 15 out of 137 have 1
The Accuracy And Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations been failed to achieve the accuracy, it occurred in 3 translation strategies, translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TSMDF), translation by paraphrase (TBP), translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). The main reason why those strategies obtained inaccuracy problem because they are included of this two characteristics, there is difference of meaning between the original and translated texts and omission of some parts which existed in the original text. In conclusion, the strategies are not all used to translate the idiomatic expression by the translator. The aim of those translation strategies is to find out the best equivalences for translating idiomatic expression. Therefore, a translator should be aware in selecting one of them that he could use, because they have several requirements that must be fulfilled. Key words: accuracy, idiomatic expressions, translation strategies.
4. Naturalness and Readability Testing 5. Consistency checks Each ways of testing translation has their own functions and weaknesses, because in this study only focuses in the form of accuracy by independent analysis so, this study used back-translation into source
INTRODUCTION In the field of translation, idiomatic expression is one of serious challenge for translators and foreign learners. Idiom or idiomatic expression is considered as one of the most peculiar parts of the language because it has complexity where the meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words. It should be analyzed by each constituent because; it has special combination on the arrangement of its constituent. It could be a sort of a challenge for translator to communicate the intended meaning of idiomatic expressions in source language accurately.
the language.
Back-translation into the Source Language Pym (2010) defines that back-translation is when a translated document is translated (back) into the original language. A back-translation makes it possible for the translator and person who did backtranslation to make careful comparison with the source text, looking for differences in meaning and for inadequate application of translation principles. Backtranslation is done by someone else, who is bilingual in the source and target languages. This person takes the translation and writes out the meaning he gets from it back into SL. He should do it without having read the source text used by the translator or doing blind backtranslation. Based on Larson’s (1984, p. 536) statements back-translation do not test naturalness, it focuses on meaning equivalence rather than naturalness. The aim of back-translation is to ensure accuracy; it is the equivalent of double-checking translation work.
Accuracy in Translation According to the Larson (1984), accuracy in representing the meaning of the source language and using natural idiomatic expressions in the target language are the primary goals of the translator. Accuracy is a term used to evaluate translation that a meaning of the source language’s text is already equivalent to that of the target language’s text because the concept of equivalent leads to similarity of the content which is delivered. The point is the message of TL does not betray the message of SL. The translator should be faithful to the meaning of SL as well as to the structure of TL to avoid inaccurate translation occurred. The characteristic of inaccurate translation according to Larson (1984, p. 531) including: 1. Addition of some parts which did not exist in the original text 2. Difference of meaning between the original and translated texts 3. Omission of some parts which existed in the original text 4. Lack of communication (zero meaning)
Strategies of Translating Idiom Mona Baker (2011, p. 75) proposes some strategies that can be used to translate idioms. a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form (TUSMF) This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the sourcelanguage idiom and, in addition, consists of equivalent lexical items (Baker, 2011, p. 76). b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF) It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the
Ways of Testing a Translation Larson (1984, p. 533-546) propose five ways to test a translation, they are: 1. Comparison with the source text 2. Back–translation into the source language 3. Comprehension tests 2
The Accuracy and Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations
c.
d.
e.
f.
source idiom or expression, but which consists of different lexical items (Baker, 2011, p. 78). This strategy uses different lexical items to express more or less the same idea. Borrowing the source language idiom (TBBSL) Just as the use of loanwords is a common strategy in dealing with culturespecific items, it is not unusual for idioms to be borrowed in their original form in some context (Baker, 2011, p. 79). Translation by paraphrase (TBP) This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when an match cannot be found in the target language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages (Baker, 2011, p. 80). Translation by omission of a play on idiom (TBOP) This strategy involves rendering only the literal meaning of an idiom in a context that allows for a concrete reading of an otherwise playful use of language (Baker, 2011, p. 84). Translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE) As with single words, an idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the target text this may be because it has no close match in the target language, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reason (Baker, 2011, p. 85).
This study used two sources of the data because translating involves two languages, as a source language text was novel entitled Anak Semua Bangsa written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translation, Child of All Nations translated by Max Lane as target language text. They are also as the object of the study. The data are taken only from the sentences which used the terms of idiomatic expression. The major instrument of this study is the researcher. There are some tools which are needed in collecting and analyzing data in this research, such as internet access and taking a note. This study used observation as data collection technique. As Wray (1998, p. 8) stated that observation includes collection of the data that is needed by the researcher without manipulating. Observation was used in selecting the data. The data were collected manually from reading and reviewing the novel and its translation. In this study used triangulation technique to get the validity of data. As stated by Denzin (1970) that there are four types in triangulation, but this study only used investigator triangulation in applied the theory of Larson (1984, p. 533-546) about back-translation method because the process of back-translation is done by someone else. After the data were collected and verified, they were analyzed. To analyze the data, this study used theory of data analysis model from Miles and Huberman (1994, p. 10-12). According to them, it involve of three steps. First is data reduction, second step is data display, and the last is conclusion drawing and verification.
This study focused on describing the accuracy of translation strategies in translating idiomatic expressions and analyzed the translation strategies applied by the translator in Child of All Nations’ novel. The description consists of (1) What kinds of translation strategies are applied in transferring the idiomatic expressions in Anak Semua Bangsa’s novel to the translation work in Child of All Nations’ novel; (2) How does the accuracy of translating idiomatic expressions in Child of All Nations’ novel.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION RESULT Da ta
Transl ation Strate gy
Source Language Text
Target Langu age Text
Backtranslati on version
1.
Transl ation using an idiom of similar meani ng and
“Lihat, biar kau kaya bagaimanapun ,” ia memulai dan kudengarkan dengan setengah hati,….. (p. 4)
“Look, no matter how rich you are,” she began, and I
"Dengar, tidak peduli seberapa kayanya kau," ia memulai, dan aku mendeng arkan
METHOD This study employs descriptive qualitative study where the study designed to describe the phenomena of translating idiomatic expressions of the data in the form of expressions which appears in text novel. Because this study focused on two things, first, identifying the translation strategies of translating idiomatic expression applied by translator and second, described the accuracy of translating idiomatic expressions in Child of All Nations’ novel.
3
Accurate Data
The Accuracy And Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations form (TUS MF)
2.
3.
4.
D at a
Transl ation using an idiom of similar meani ng but dissimi lar form (TUS MDF)
“Tuan pandai bersilat lidah. Boleh kiranya sekarang aku mengajukan pertanyaan terakhir? Tuan masuk ke Hindia dengan syah atau dengan menyelundup? ” (92)
Transl ation by paraph rase (TBP)
Jean Marais naik pitam mendengar itu. Dengan Prancis yang cepat ia menjawab: (528)
Transl ation by omissi on of entire idiom (TBO E)
Kau sendiri ikut mengalami Utara selalu jadi mataangin keramat bagi bangsamu, sampaisampai dalam impian. (67)
listened halfhearte dly, …… (p. 15) “You have a very clever tongue. May I now put to you the last questio n? Did you enter the Indies legally or did you sneak in?...” (70) Jean Marais lost his temper . In rapid French he answer ed: (342)
The north has always been sacred to your people, even in their dreams. (55)
dengan setengah hati,…..
Strat egy 5.
“Kau pandai bersilat lidah. Bolehkah sekarang aku mengaju kan pertanya an terakhir? Apa kau masuk ke Hindia secara legal, atau menyusu p?...”
6.
Jean Marais kehilang an kesabara nnya. Dalam bahasa Perancis yang cepat, ia menjawa b. Utara selalu menjadi arah keramat bagi bangsam u, bahkan dalam impian mereka.
Inaccurate Data Tran slatio n
Source Language Text
Target Languag e Text
Backtranslatio n version 4
Trans lation using an idiom of simila r meani ng but dissi milar form (TUS MDF )
“Ya, begitu anak-anak, Nyo. Kalau nanti anak Sinyo sebanyak itu, uh, benarbenar makan hati. Jangan perhatikan anak-anak tadi, Nyo,” Mevrouw menambahk an. (18) Matanya berkacakaca terharu, dan akhirnya tetes jatuh menyeberan gi pipinya. (122)
7.
Ia gopohgapah menyambut, menyilakan kami duduk di sitje kebanggaan. (180)
8.
“Biar, Minke, terimakasih, biar kulepas hatiku. Dengarkan aku. Dengarkan. Siapa lagi kalau bukan kau yang mesti
“If Sinyo has many children later on, you’ll find out. They eat out your heart. Don’t pay them any attention now, Nyo.” (23) Her eyes glassed over in emotion, and finally tears made the journey across her cheeks. (89) She ran back and forth welcomi ng us, and invited us to sit on the settee of which they were so proud. (126) “Let it be, Minke, let my heart speak now. Listen to me. Listen. If you will not, then
“Jika nanti Sinyo mempunya i banyak anak, kamu akan tahu. Mereka jauh lebih baik. Jangan hiraukan mereka untuk saat ini, Nyo.” Matanya terbingkai emosi, dan akhirnya airmata membuat jalurnya melewati kedua pipinya.
Dia berlari bolakbalik menyambu t kami, dan mempersil ahkan kami untuk duduk di sofa yang amat mereka banggakan . “Biarkan saja, Minke, biarkan hatiku yang bicara. Dengarkan aku. Dengar. Jika kau tidak
The Accuracy and Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations
9.
10 .
Trans lation by parap hrase (TBP )
dengarkan? ” (307-308)
who will listen to me?” (206)
“Mana bisa, Nyo, pada kami dia tak pernah menulis. Tentu itu surat kaleng.” (21)
“How is that possible, Nyo? He doesn’t even write to us. They must be fake.” (24)
Tukang tukang pembikin buahbaju, sisir dan serit kehilangan banyak pasaran, karena bikinan jepang lebih murah, lebih mengkilat. (127-128)
11 .
Mereka bertiga harus membanting tulang untuk tetap tinggal diatas air. (145)
12 .
“Dengan hari ini, Tuan Kommer, aku sudah
The Javanese makers of blouses, combs, and brushes were losing their share of the market, because the Japanese goods were cheaper and shinier. (92) The three of them would have to struggle to keep their heads above water. (104) “Beginni ng this day, Mr. Kommer, I close
mendengar kanku, lantas siapa yang akan mendengar kanku?” “Bagaima na mungkin, Nyo? Dia bahkan tidak pernah menulis untuk kami. Mereka pasti berbohong. ” Para pengrajin pakaian, sisir, dan sikat dari Jawa kehilangan pangsa pasar mereka, karena barangbarang Jepang lebih murah dan bagus.
tutup buku. Aku terima saran Tuan, aku akan belajar melihat keceriaan. Dengan hanya begini kekuatanku terhisap habis.” (303)
Mereka bertiga harus bertahan untuk tetap hidup diatas air.
“Mengawa li hari ini, Mr. Kommer, aku 5
13 .
Si Gendut mungkin mengira aku jadi kecilhati. (330)
14 .
Aku turun dari andong. Menyongson g. Mereka masih kelihatan putus akal. (359)
15 .
Mengapa wanita mesti jadi landasan kehidupan? Mengapa di antara anakanaknya sendiri; yang karena kebetulan saja jadi lelaki, berkeberata n setengah mati kalau wanita tampil ke depan umum? Mengapa sampai sekarang Nederland
one book. I accept your suggestio n. I will learn to see the brighter side of life. The way I am now, all my strength is being sucked away.” (204) Fatso seemed to think I’d be worried by that. (220) I climbed down from the carriage to greet them. They seemed unsure. (237) Why must women be just the substratu m of life? Why do their own children, who happened to be born males, have such extraord inary objection s to women appearin
menutup satu buku. Aku menerima saranmu. Aku akan belajar melihat sisi terang dalam hidupku. Aku yang sekarang, telah kubuang semua kekuatanku . Fatso terlihat berpikir bahwa aku akan khawatir. Aku melangkah turun dari kereta untuk menyapa mereka. Mereka tampak tak yakin. Mengapa wanita hanya menjadi lapisan dari hidup ini? Mengapa anak-anak mereka, yang dilahirkan sebagai laki-laki, melakukan penolakan besarbesaran terhadap wanita yang muncul ke publik? Mengapa
The Accuracy And Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations tetap mentup kesempatan bagi wanita untuk jadi menteri dan anggota Tweede Kamer? Sekalipun Nederland sudah dua kali berurutan diperintah oleh raja perempuan? (436)
16 .
17 .
Trans lation by omiss ion of entire idiom (TBO E)
Hatiku panas dan cemburu timbul… dari Sarah de la Croix, dari Magda Peters, dari Robert Suurhof untuk… kurang ajar. Dia hujani istriku dengan surat… Dari Miriam de la Croix, dari…. Lagilagi dari Robert Suurhof untuk Annelies. (7)
Sastro mendepis dipojokan
g in public? Why does the Netherla nds even today deny women the opportun ity to become ministers or members of parliame nt, even though twice consecuti vely it has been ruled by female monarch s? (284) Anger burned in my heart, my jealousy was awakene d. From Sarah de la Croix, from Magda Peters, from Robert Suurhof for… from Miriam de la Croix, from… again from Robert Suurhof for Annelies. (16) Sastro huddled in a
Belanda hingga saat ini menyangka l bahwa wanita memiliki kesempata n menjadi Perdana Menteri atau anggota parlemen, padahal dua kali negaranya dipimpin oleh penguasa wanita?
18 .
19 .
Kemaraha n membakar hatiku, kecemburu anku timbul. Dari Sarah de la Croix, dari Magda Peters, dari Robert Suurhof untuk... Dari Miriam de la Croix, dari…. Lagi-lagi dari Robert Suurhof untuk Annelies.
dengan mata tak lepas dari brandkas yang melompong tanpa makna. (204) Agak lama aku pandang lukisan potret buah tangan Jean Maraisgambar Nyai Ontosoroh. (375)
Orang Jepang tertentu dengan rendahhati mengakui: memang dirinya bayi yang baru belajar merangkak. (486)
corner, his eyes unable to move from the gaping cash box. (141)
matanya tak lepas dari kotak uang yang menganga terbuka.
For quite a while I gazed at the portrait painted by Jean Maraisthe picture of Nyai Ontosoro h. (247) Certain Japanese admitted that they were like babies just beginnin g to crawl. (316)
Untuk beberapa lama aku terpaku pada lukisan buatan Jean Maraislukisan Nyai Ontosoroh. Beberapa orang Jepang mengakui bahwa mereka bertingkah seperti bayi, mulai merengek.
DISCUSSION
Translation Strategies of Idiomatic Expressions Based on the data analysis, 137 idiomatic expressions were classified in each translation strategies provided by Baker (2011). It has found only 4 translation strategies to translate idiomatic expression applied by translator in translating idiomatic expressions in Child of All Nations’ novel. The first one is TUSMF, as a stated by Baker (2011) translation using similar meaning and form is strategy which conveys the idiomatic expressions using very similar in its form and meaning of SL idiom. The result of its translations roughly has the same meaning and equivalent lexical items. In this study, the use of this strategy appears in 26 times. The main reason why the translator used this translation strategy is because TL has the same idiom as SL. It has the same constructions not only in meaning but also in the based on the form. Such as, setengah hati translated into half heartedly. If it is translated back into SLT it will be the
Sastro meringkuk di sudut, 6
The Accuracy and Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations same, instead of the similarity in meaning, it is also has similarity in lexical items. Second strategy suggested by Baker (2011) translation of idiomatic expressions by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF) to the TL. Dissimilar form in this case the idiom has difference in lexemic items equivalence. Or it is translated as semantic equivalent. In this study, this strategy appears in 16 times. The translator used this strategy because he found there was idiom from TL which has the same meaning with idiom from SL. Such as, idiom bersilat lidah has the same meaning with idiom very clever tongue. But they have the different constructions based on the form, in their lexemic items and also included in the category of what types of idiom they are. The translator wants to use the principles of translation proposed by Duff (1989, p. 1011) that the translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. He wants to maintain the sense of idiomatic expressions from SL. According to the data finding, this strategy takes a huge frequency of usage than the others strategy. The translator applied TBP in 90 cases. Baker (2011) declares that this is the most common strategy of translating idioms. It is often that the translator gets difficulties to find the right equivalent of the idiom or there is no appropriate idiom of the TL. So, he can use translation by paraphrase. In this case, the translator used this translation strategy because the message of the idiom is well delivered. Because using this strategy, the translator is able to transfer the message of the idiom using a single or group of words that roughly suitable to the meaning of that idiom. For example, mencari angin paraphrased become get some fresh air. And the last strategy that can be applied by the translator is by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). As stated by Baker (2011) an idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the TLT in two reasons, first when there is no preferable equivalence which represents the same intended meaning to TLT. And the second, when the translator find the difficulties in order to paraphrase the idiom into TLT. Based on the data analysis, this strategy appears only 6 times. In this study, the translator decides to omit the unit of idiom from SLT because he tried to maintain his writing style in translation. And make the sentence simpler because the idiom was explained with the previous word, even though it is not translated into TLT but still maintain the context of SLT. The translator has a particular reason to solve each problem in translating idiomatic expression using translation strategies. Those translation strategies are provided by Baker (2011) for translator aims to find
out the best equivalences for translating idiomatic expressions. According to Loescher (1991, p. 8) translation strategy is a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it. A translator should be aware in selecting one of them, which is considered as the best strategies to be used because, if a translator did not be aware, a failed accuracy of translating idiomatic expressions may occur.
Classification of Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Translation Strategies to Translate Idiomatic Expressions In this section, the following are briefly explained why those translation strategies are classified as an accurate and inaccurate translations. The method to check an accuracy and inaccuracy of translating idiomatic expressions used back-translation. Pym (2010, p. 30) stated in order to see whether an equivalent is natural or directional, the simplest test is back-translation.
Accuracy in Translation Strategies to Translate Idiomatic Expressions According to the data result, 121 out of 137 translations of idiomatic expressions categorize as accurate translation. The accurate translation occur in 4 translation strategies. The translator is success to transfer the message of idiomatic expressions. Because according to the comparison between back-translation version with source language text (SLT) showed there is no discrepancy in meaning. Therefore, it can be said that the translation of this idiomatic expression is accurate. Idiomatic expressions translation point to as an accurate translation when a meaning of the source language’s text is already equivalent to that of the target language’s text because the concept of equivalent leads to similarity of the content which is delivered. As stated by Rahimi (2004) when the suitable and detailed explanation of the source message and the transmission of that message as exactly as possible. First strategy is translation using similar meaning and form (TUSMF). The accurate data appeared in this strategy 26 cases. The translator is success in transferring the same idiom of SLT into TLT. The same idiom is not only has the similarity in meaning but also in lexical items. Second strategy is translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF). It was found 13 cases accurate data. The translator is success to transfer the message of idiom from SLT into TLT. Because this strategy preserve the semantic equivalence although it is consists of different lexemic. Third strategy is the most prevailing strategy in translation by translator is 7
The Accuracy And Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations failed to match the idiom from SLT to TLT. Several data (5, 6, 7, 8) show the discrepancy meaning between them. According to Duff (1989, p. 10-11) who proposes some general principles, he said that when the idiom does not work in the target language; do not force it into the translation. A translator should be aware in selecting translation strategy in translating idiomatic expression because idiom is frozen pattern of language (Baker, 1992, p. 63) the meaning is not clear if learned individually, so it must be learned as a whole unit. If the translator wants to use this strategy he must find out the meaning of the idiom from target text carefully because it carries message of SLT. Second strategy which had inaccurate idiomatic expression translations is translation by paraphrase (TBP). The use of this strategy appears in 91 cases. And, it was found 7 cases of inaccurate translations. It has the same characteristic as the first translation strategy which there is difference of meaning between the original and translated texts and caused the translation of this idiomatic expression is not accurate. In this case, the translator uses the adjustment in translating them, but he cannot recognize and interpret those 7 cases correctly. It is presented in several data (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). He changed the meaning of the idiom from SLT. If the translator wants to use this strategy he must be able to find the paraphrase or using a single or group of words that roughly suitable to the meaning of that the idiom from SLT. And the last strategy is translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). This strategy is the most numerous obtain inaccurate translation, from the total of the translation of idiomatic expressions that applied this strategy, 4 of them indicated as inaccurate translation (see data 16, 17, 18, 19). The main reason based on characteristic of inaccurate translation as stated by Larson (1984, p. 531) is because omission of some parts which existed in the original text. Although omitted in this strategy is provided and allowed but several requirements must be fulfilled. The translator should not reduce the message of the idiom from SLT. Because when the idiom is included into contextual meaning and the situation where the idiom expressed which has a relation with the context of the situation in the story, the translator cannot use this strategy and try to apply other strategy, to avoid lack communication or inaccurate translation. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the translation strategies provided by Baker (2011) are not all used by translator to translate the idiomatic
translation by paraphrase (TBP). The translator could communicate the meaning accurately because this strategy has to find the right equivalent of the idiom using a single or group of words that roughly suitable to the meaning of that idiom. The accurate translations found 84 cases in this strategy. And the last strategy is translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). The accurate data appeared in this strategy only 2 cases. Although the idiom is included into contextual meaning and the relationship between the utterance and the situation where the idiom expressed which has a relation with the context of the situation but from the comparisons between back-translation version with SLT showed there is no discrepancy in meaning even though the idiom is being omit. Therefore, it can be said that the translation of the idiomatic expression is accurate. The translator is success maintain the context of idiom of SLT.
Inaccuracy in Translation Strategies to Translate Idiomatic In this study found, 15 out of 137 are those translations of idiomatic expressions that have been failed to achieve the accuracy of translating idiomatic expressions. The translator failed to transfer the meaning of idiomatic expressions from SL to TL. Based on the comparison between back-translation version with source language text (SLT) showed there is discrepancy in meaning. In comparison of the backtranslation with the original document should focus on the “differences that matter” as stated by Paegelow (2008, p. 23-25) who gives 4 guidelines of back translation. Therefore, it can be said that the translation of this idiomatic expression is inaccurate. The characteristics of inaccurate translation according to Larson (1984, p. 531) if there is an addition of some parts which is not available in the original text, inadvertently omits some parts which existed in the original text, make mistakes in analyzing the meaning between SL and TL or even no meaning at all will be considered as inaccurate translation. The inaccurate translation only occur in 3 translation strategies. First strategy is translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF). It was found only 3 cases which had problem in equivalence in terms of accuracy. According to Larson (1984, p. 531) in the characteristics of inaccurate translation the main reason why this strategy obtained inaccuracy problem because there is difference of meaning between the original and translated texts and caused the translation of this idiomatic expression is not accurate. The translator
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The Accuracy and Strategies of Translating Idiomatic Expressions Found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Child of All Nations expression. Those translation strategies are provided for translator aims to find out the best equivalences for translating idiomatic expressions because a translator is a mediator between the author to the reader. He should transfer the intended meaning of those idiomatic expressions from source text accurately. Therefore, a translator should be aware in selecting the best strategies to be used because they have several requirements that must be fulfilled. If a translator were not aware, a failed accuracy of translating idiomatic expressions may occur.
idiom from source language text to target language text. Second, translation by paraphrase (TBP), the translator cannot recognize and interpret those idioms correctly, so the discrepancy meaning occurred. And third, translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE), it appears because the translator omits the translation idiomatic expression when those idioms are included into contextual meaning and the situation which has a relation with the context in the story. Thus, it categorize as inaccurate translation. The main reason why those strategies obtained inaccuracy problem because they are included of this two characteristics, which are there is difference of meaning between the original and translated texts and omission of some parts which existed in the original text. Because the primary goal of translator is transfer the message of source language accurately, those kinds of things should be avoided. Therefore the translator should be aware in selecting the translation strategies that he could use. Due to each of translation strategies of idiomatic expressions have several requirements that must be fulfilled.
CONCLUSION This study aims to describe the phenomena of translating idiomatic expressions which appears in text novel of Anak Semua Bangsa and Child of All Nations. The conclusion of this study includes some important points formulated based on the statement of the problems. Concerning with translation strategies, in Child of All Nations’ novel, the translator applied 4 translations strategies in translating idiomatic expressions. Firstly, translation using an idiom of similar meaning and form (TUSMF), the main reason why the translator used this translation strategy is because TL has the same idiom as SL. Second, translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF), the translator used this strategy because he found there was idiom from TL which has the same meaning with idiom from SL. He wants to maintain the sense of idiomatic expressions from SL. Third strategy is translation by paraphrase (TBP). By using this strategy, the translator can deliver the message of SLT properly. He is able to transfer the message of the idiom using a single or group of words that roughly suitable to the meaning of that idiom. And last strategy is translation by omission of entire idiom (TBOE). The reason why the translator is used this strategy, because he tried to maintain his writing style in translation. And make the sentence simpler because the idiom was explained with the previous word. Based on those observations, the strategies are not all used to translate the idiomatic expression by the translator, Max Lane in Child of All Nations. In this study found, the inaccuracy of translating idiomatic expressions using back-translation method for those data occurred only in 3 translation strategies. First, translation using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (TUSMDF), inaccuracy occurred in this strategy because the translator failed to match the
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