Sumatra and Kalimantan Peatland Atlas: estimate of C-content and preservation efforts of the pools Workshop on Vulnerability of Carbon Pools of Tropical Peatlands in Asia Pekanbaru, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia 24-26 January 2006
River peat thickness
Organic soil
River
Mineral Soil distance
B/A ratio = 50 -88 (Average)……. In Mentangai Kalteng > 1200 times.. Next commitment: avoid (below ground) peat disappearances ?? By Nyoman Suryadiputra, Wahyunto and Bambang Heryanto
Climate Change, Forests and peatlands in Indonesia (CCFPI)
Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia (CCFPI) 2002 - 2006 Mendahara Hulu S. Rambut & Aur Berbak NP Merang Kepahyang
• The project started in 2002 and is designed to promote the sustainable management of forest and peatlands in Indonesia in order to increase their capacity to sequester and store carbon, and to improve local livelihoods.
• Initiatives related to the protection and JAMBI & SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCES rehabilitation of forests and peatlands are implemented at both the local and national levels until end of 2006, and is working with a range of stakeholders in Jambi, South Sumatra, Central Kalimantan and also at the central government level.
Black water ecosystem Sungai Puning, Kalteng
EX – MRP/PLG CANALS AT MENTANGAI AREA, Central Kalimantan (Kalteng)
BASIC APPROACHES TO RECOGNIZE PEATLANDS • Peatland formation depends on: Topography (basin, backswamp); Lithology/subsurface topography (related to porosity and water stagnation then to fertility), climate and time/period of inundation and degree of decomposition (water quality related to the presence of O2), etc. • Peatland presence/distributions can be recognized from landsat images interpretation (e.g. via drainage patterns, water inundation etc), • To enhance the accuration of interpretation, need further ground truth surveys and other supporting data/maps
Methods Interpretation aspects : tones, textures, patterns and shadow Analyzed factors : relief/topography, geomorphic process (basin shapes) Supporting data & maps : topography, geology/lithology, land use cover
Peatlands in Aceh Barat District
Peatlands in North Sumatera
PEATLANDS DISTRIBUTION AT THE PESISIR SELATAN DISTRICT, WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE IN 1986 (left) AND 2000 (Right)
Lake Kerinci
Lake Kerinci
Peatlands
Peatlands
Landsat MSS, 1986 Landsat TM, 2000
Formula of Belowground Carbon Content Assessment Parameters used in this calculation are land coverage, peat thickness, bulk density and organic-carbon content in every type of peat soil. Formula used in this calculation is: Carbon content (CC) = B x A x D x C Where: CC B A D C
= = = = =
Carbon content in ton Bulk density of peat soil in gr/cc or ton/m3 Land coverage in m2 peat thickness in m Organic-carbon content in percent (%)
METHODS of Below Ground Carbon contents assessment
Range and Mean value of Bulk Density and Organic-carbon content in every peat type/peat ripening level in Kalimantan & Sumatera - Indonesia No.
Tingkat Kematangan Gambut
Lokasi
Kisaran 1.
2.
3.
4.
Fibrik
Hemik
Saprik Peaty soil/ mineral bergambut/ sangat dangkal
Rerata
Sumatera
0.1012-0.12
0.1028
Kalimantan
0.11 – 0.33
0.13
Sumatera
0.1325-0.29
0.1716
Kalimantan
0.15 – 0.38
0.23
Sumatera
0.2492-0.37
Kalimantan
0.26 – 0.33
Sumatera Kalimantan
C-Organik (%)
Bobot Isi (BD), (gr/cc)
0.2152-0.6878 0.26 – 0.40
Kisaran
Rerata
-
53.31
35.67 – 49.69
42.63
38.97-51.87
48.00
17.52 – 54.96
36.24
0.2794
28.96-53.89
44.95
0.27
13.27 – 57.8
35.53
0.3402
28.96-39.81
35.12
0.30
21.5 – 47.23
30.75
BELOW GROUND CARBON CONTENTS CALCULATION IN PEATLANDS a.
N o. 1 2 3
Determine BD, area, thickness, maturity and C-contents in each peatland types proportionately [refer to previous Table]
Thickness (Cm) BD range Average 1 Peat types Hemists/Fibrists 420351 100 -200 150 0.23 Hemists/Fibrists 3028 100 -200 150 0.23 Hemists/Fibrists 613995 200 -400 300 0.23 1,037,374
Maturity/
b.
Area ha
Area Portion (%) %C - org 2 1 2 1 2 0.13 60 40 36.24 42.63 0.13 50 50 36.24 42.62 0.13 60 40 36.24 42.63
Calculate C-contents in each peatland type = BD x A x T x C
Carbon contents (ton C) N Peat types Area ha o. 1 2 Total 31,533,386,897 13,977,259,241 45,510,646,138 1 Hemists/Fibrists 420351 189,292,392 125,827,026 315,119,418 2 Hemists/Fibrists 3028 92,119,880,232 40,832,386,686 132,952,266,918 3 Hemists/Fibrists 613995 54,935,472,953 178,778,032,474 1,037,374 123,842,559,521
0 3 3
2
0 2 0
Rabamban g
PALANGKARAYA v v v v
v
0 2 0
Bereng Bengkel Kameluh Baru
v v v v v v v
Mont alat
0 1 0
1
2
0 1 an 3 3 Bukit
0 3
2
0 3 2
Lahei Bukit Liti Bukit Rawi
1
0 Kason 3 gan Tangkil 2 ing 0
Nusa
Pilang
0 1 Bereng 3
0 0 9
0 1 4
v v
2
Jabiren Bapinang
v v v
Saka Kajang
v
Simpur
Peg atan
Henda
1
Km.3 5
0 1
PULANG PISAU 4 Pan gko h
ba
Amp 7 ah 0
0 2
Hayaping Bent ot Pasar Panas
Ke Banjarmasin
Dadahup
Prop. Kalsel
Penda Ketapi Palingka Mandom u ai
KUALA KAPUAS
0 1 Barum 5
Bahaur Hilir
0 0 5
D 0 3 a Bel y aw Tamiang u a Layang 0 Mentan gai
Bengkel
Bangkirai
Ka nd ui P at as 0 1 0
BUNTOK 2
Timp ah
0
PALANGKARAY1 A Kereng
0 7
Kalahie n
Bamba 0 0 6
Lamp eong Tong ka
3
Ketapa ng 0
Ba w
1
Ta kar as
v v Taruna v v v v Bereng Kajang v v vv v Tumbang Ns v v v
0 3 4 0 0 7
MUARA TEWEH
2
Tbg. Talaken
0 1 7
Ke Banjarmasin
Lupak Dalam
P. Damar
v
Garung
v
Fire in Central Kalimantan
v Gohong
PULANG PISAU v v
P. KALIMANTAN
v
PALANGKARAYA
LEGENDA: Villages
v
Hot spots PLG-canals Rivers
FIRE PRONE AREA IN AND SURROUNDING PALANGKARAYA (mapped by Alue Dohong, CCFPI, WI-IP, 2002/2003)
PEATLANDS DISTRIBUTION IN KALIMANTAN AND ITS FIRE PRONE AREAS
PEATLANDS DISTRIBUTION IN SUMATERA AND ITS FIRE PRONE AREAS
N o
Peatlands Thickness In Riau
Area (ha)
1
Very shallow < 50 cm
85.560
2
Shallow 50 – 100 cm
573.438
14.18
3
Medium 100 – 200 cm
952.057
23.54
Rokan Hilir, Rokan Hulu, Dumai, Bengkalis,
4
Deep 200 – 400 cm
827.446
20.46
Indragiri Hilir dan Pelalawan)
5
Very deep > 400 cm
1.605.100
39.69
Total C below ground 1990 C below ground 2002
%
FREQUENT PEAT FIRE IN RIAU 2.12
4.043.601 16,851.23 mT 14,605.04 mT
2,246.19 mT
DUMAI BENGKALIS ROKAN HULU PAKAN BARU PELALAWAN
INDRAGIRI HILIR
Peatlands area (ha) and its carbon contents (million tons) in Sumatera (1990 – 2002)* Year
1990
Peaty soil (ha), < 0.5m 644,646
2002
Grand Total (Ha)
Peatlands area in Sumatera (ha) Shallow 0.5-1.0m
Medium 1–2m
Deep 2–4m
Very deep >4m
Total
156,321
3,058,468
1,121,925
2,222,944
6,559,657
7,204,302
778,233
1,561,421
755,360
1,027,874
4,122,888
7,204,302
3,081,413 Year
Peaty soil (mill ton C)
Carbon Contents in Sumatera Peatlands (million ton)
Shallow
Medium
Deep
Very deep
Total
1990
-
171.51
4,672.25
3,522.10
13,917.33
22,283.19
2002
203.29
854.33
3,184.73
3,884.29
10,686.73
18,813.37
C-loss in 12 years (million t)
-3,469.82 = - 3.5 Gt
Source: CCFPI – WI-IP & WHC, 2003
Impact of 1997/98 peatland fires in Indonesia Carbon emission of 1 - 2,5 gigaton - equivalent to 15-40% annual global emission of fossile fuels (Page et al. 2002)
MAJOR ROOT CAUSES OF C-LOSS Total Canal Length in ex-MRP based on Categories
Total Length
EX-Mega Rice Project c 1,515.00
Quarter & Worm canals (block A)
Tertiary Canals (Block A, Palingkau, Dadahup & Lamunti)
900.00
Secondary canals (block A)
913.28
958.18
Primary Canals
Saluran Primer Induk (Parent Primary Canal)
Root causes of CANALS DITCHES FIRES LOGGING
184.35
-
500.00
1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 3,000.00 3,500.00 4,000.0 Distance (km )
5 4,1
Ditch dimensions
2,603
2,455
MerangKepahyan g South Sumatera
2,12 1,8
1,72
1,7
1,518
1,3
lebar (m)
0,98 0,54
0,47
0,53
0,45
dalam (m) debit (m3/detik) bagi 10
0
Panjang (km) 72,5 - 58
58 - 43,1
43,1 - 39,4
S. Merang dari Hulu ke Muara (km)
39,4 - 0
preservation efforts of the C -pools • Restoration of hydrological regimes to sustain natural peatland processes and to maintain peatland carbon storage capacity and other important environmental services [canal blockingsfire breaks, fishery] • Development of alternative livelihood options for communities reliant on peatland areas [micro credit & small grant Vs rehabilitation] • Replanting of degraded peatland forests • Collaboration with local agencies on integrated spatial planning [Musi Banyuasin, S-Sumatera; Kuala Kapuas-central Kalimantan] • Establish National & Provincial/District Action Plan
Restoration of hydrological regimes No
Villages
Central Kalimantan (Sept 2003-present)
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Dusun Muara Puning Desa Bintang Kurung Desa Batilap (di sungai Bateken/anak sungai Puning) Desa Batampang Desa Mentangai (Large canals)
South Sumatera (May 2004 – present)
6
Merang
Total canals & dams
Number of canals/ditches
Number of dams
20
45
3 4 7
8 12 16
1 5
2 7
6
12
6
12
26
57
Number of Canals Blocked (2003-present)
114°30'
114°35'
114°40'
114°25'
114°30'
114°35'
2°25'
No.Legenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1990
Tipe Penutupan Lahan Hutan rawa gambut Primer Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran Belukar Semak Perladangan karet Danau Sungai Canal
Total
111821
826,207
272,479 545,712 6,341 1,675 -
N Sekala : 1:2000
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path dan Row 118 - 062 Liputan Tahun 1990 - Peta Rupa Bumi Skala 1 : 50 000 Bakosurtanal
INTERVENTION IN SPI-EX MEGARICE PROJECT-CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
2°25'
114°45'
Kandungan C ( 10 )6 ton
2°20'
114°40'
Luas (Ha) 32504 72154 6912 251 -
2°20'
2°15'
114°35'
2°25'
114°30'
Keterangan :
2°20'
114°25'
2°25'
2°10'
2°15'
2°20'
2°10'
2°10'
114°45'
2°15'
114°40'
2°10'
114°45'
2°15'
114°25'
114°25'
114°30'
114°35'
114°40'
114°45'
Keterangan : No. Legenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2003
Luas (Ha) Hutan rawa gambut Primer 8606 Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan 50427 Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran 20089 Belukar 16176 Semak 14596 Perladangan karet 1927
Kandungan C ( 10 ) 6 ton 72,143 381,387 102,887 2,706 85,238 0,107
Danau Sungai Canal
644,468
Tipe Penutupan Lahan
Total N Sekala : 1:2000
1927
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path dan Row 118 - 062 Liputan 15 Februari 2003 - Peta Rupa Bumi Skala 1 : 50 000 Bakosurtanal
CANAL BLOCKING CCFPI Project Site
Ex-Mega Rice Project, Central Kalimantan
Using local traditional technology
•4400 km drainage channels, •up to 3 - 6 m depth
Dam in SPI-1
October 2004
January 2005
Impact created by Dam in SPI-1
HOW TO UTILIZE THE BLOCKED CANALS FOR FIRE BREAKS & LIVELIHOOD
Before canal blocking
Later stage after blocking
Earlier stage after blocking
Ponds position Vs blocking canals
Ditch blocking raised water table, avoid fire, increase livelihood (blocked in Sep 03, monitored biweekly)
Blocking, Sept 2003
The blocked canal traps fishes, June 2004
Inundation, Oct 2003 2 tonnes fish harvested in Sept 2005
INTERVENTION IN SUNGAI PUNING CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Wet peatlands insusceptible to fire, Dec 2004
….impact of blocking .. Peatland inundated and trees growing 1 Yr after blockings 1 Month after blockings
1 Yr after blockings Before blockings
Dam in SPU-7
Dam in SPI-1
October 2004
January 2005
OTHER CANAL BLOCKING TYPES IN MERANG-KEPAHYANG PEATSWAMP SOUTH SUMATERA
Rehabilitation in Sumatera (Berbak NP) Preparation of mound
Survival 70%: Ramin (H=1.8 m; D=2 cm) Gonystylus bancanus, Perepat Combretocarpus rotundatus and Rengas manuk Mellanoorhoea walichii
Making hole on top of mound Ground water monitoring for mound height determination See d Moun trn d prep hardeMaximum spt
Seed prep
ning
Sep 03
Okt 04
Stop
planting
maintenance
inundation during rainy season
Nov 04
Des 04
Jan 04
Feb 04
Moist Zone in dry season Vs root infiltration
20,000 mounds in 2003
Seedling inserted into hole Dry season
Rainy season
REHABILITATION surround the blocked Canal area
Belangiran Shorea belangiran : 2000 plan Jelutung Dyera lowii : 1850 plan Bintangur Callophylum spp. : 500 plants : 40 plan Sungkai Peronema canescens Meranti telur : 250 plants : 50 plan Terentang Campnosperma spp Arang-arang Dyospiros spp. : 50 plants : 50 plan Rambutan Nephelium mutabile Total : 4790 planted in Dec 2004
Training to local people
Establishment of Nursery
Planting in 2003/ 2004 One year after Planting 2005
The Next Steps 2006 – 2008 Central Kalimantan Peatlands Project • Extension of Canal Blockings in central Kalimantan (DGIS: 50 big dams and 1000 small dams; CIDA : 5 – 7 big dams; BOSF 1 big dam) • Extension of Canal Blockings in South Sumatera (CIDA: 10 small dams ; Private sectors : …?) • Join Patrol and Fire training (CIDA + DGIS) • Rehabilitation along canal banks; • Community Development related to Canal Blockings (e.g. fishery) • Research related to canal blockings (limnology, hydrology, forest fires, etc); • Awareness & Training Programmes • Conservation of Sebangau & Mawas area
Recommendation for Next Blocks
Brown (1997): W = a ln Db
METHODS of Above Ground Carbon contents assessment
Where : W : dry biomassa (kg) D : tree diameter at breast height (cm) a, b : Constant Note: a= 0,19 and b= 2,37 (for peat swamp forests in Jambi and Riau, Sumatera, Istomo 2001)
Ketterings et al. (2001) W
= BD a ln Db
BD = wood bulk density 0,53 – 0,71 g/dm3 or it can be determined based on specific species (lists of BD of peatswamp trees available)
Berbak National Park, Jambi 2002 Vs 1989
104°25'
1°15' 1°20'
1°40'
1°40'
1°35'
1°35'
1°30'
1°30'
1°35'
104°20'
1°30'
1°25'
1°25'
1°40'
104°15'
1°25'
1°20'
1°20'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
104°10'
1°10'
1°10' 1°15'
1°15'
104°5'
Keterangan :
No. Legenda
104°25'
1°40'
104°25'
104°20'
1°35'
104°20'
104°15'
1°30'
104°15'
104°10'
1°25'
104°10'
104°5'
1°20'
104°25'
1°15'
104°20'
1°10'
104°15'
1°10'
104°10'
Keterangan :
Luas (Ha)
Tipe Penutupan Lahan
Kandungan C (10) 6 ton
Hutan rawa gambut Primer Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran Hutan tanaman dan perkebunan Belukar Semak Padang Rumput
94974,51 16591,14 13737,69 197,72 15101,68 640,00 3581,55
558,426 53,558 8,201 0,863 24,035 0,386 1,107
Total
144824,29
646,576
Jalan Sarad Sungai
N
1:3500
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path Row 124/061 dan 125/061 Liputan Tahun 2002 - Peta Rupa Bumi Sekala 1 : 50.000, Bakosurtanal
Gambar. Sebaran Kandungan Karbon Berdasarkan Tipe Penutupan Lahan di dalam Batas Wilayah Proyek CCFPI di Taman Nasional Berbak , Propinsi Jambi, Tahun 2002
No. Legenda 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tipe Penutupan Lahan Hutan rawa gambut Primer Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran Hutan tanaman dan perkebunan Belukar Semak Padang Rumput Total
Jalan Sarad Sungai
N
1:3500
Luas (Ha)
Kandungan C (10) 6 ton
118203,12 19707,30 0,00 264,54 6517,36 61,24 70,73
695,005 63,618 0,00 1,155 17,202 0,2074 0,0937
144824,29
777,281
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path Row 124/061 dan 125/061 Liputan Tahun 1989 - Peta Rupa Bumi Sekala 1 : 50.000, Bakosurtanal
Gambar. Sebaran Kandungan Karbon Berdasarkan Tipe Penutupan Lahan di dalam Batas Wilayah Proyek CCFPI di Taman Nasional Berbak , Propinsi Jambi, Tahun 1989
Total Carbon Contents in Various Land Cover Area within CCFPI Project Boundary in Berbak National Park, Jambi in 1989, 1999 and 2002 Taman Nasional Berbak, Jambi No.
LAND COVER TYPE
C ratio
B/A
1989
50
1
Primary peatswamop forests
37
2
Logg over peatswamop forests
3
Ex burnt peatswamop forests/burnt area
4.
Plantation area & estate crops
5.
Melaleuca forests
6.
Belukar/shrub
7.
Total Carbon, Above & Below ground (million ton)
Area (ha)
1999
2002
1989
1999
2002
118.203,1
94.974,5
94.974,5
695,005
558,426
558,426
19.707,3
16.591,1
16.591,1
63,618
53,558
53,558
-
13.737,7
13.737,7
0
14,397
8,201
264,5
197,7
197,7
1,155
0,863
0,863
-
-
-
-
6.517,4
15.101,7
15.101,7
17,203
31,948
24,035
Bushes/Semak
61,2
640,0
640,0
0,0966
0,675
0,386
8.
Grassland/Padang Rumput
70,7
3.581,6
3.581,6
0,0933
2,769
1,107
9.
Crop field/rubber plantation/settlement
-
-
-
-
10.
Mangrove
-
-
-
-
Total
Peat depth up to 10 meter
144.824,3
144.824,3
144.824,3
777,171
662,636
646,576
ABOVE & BELOW GROUND CARBON CONTENTS IN BERBAK NATIONAL PARK JAMBI (2002) Total Carbon (million ton)
No. Land Cover Type 1
Primary peatswamp forests
Area (ha)
Above Ground
Below Ground
Ratio
(A)
(B)
B/A
94,974
10.993
547.433
50
16,591
1.396
52.162
37
8.201
228
Logg over peatswamop forests 2
Ex burnt peatswamop forests/burnt area 13,738
3
0.036
Plantation area & estate crops 4
198
0.034
0.829
24
5
Shrubs
15,102
0.295
23.740
80
6
Bushes
640
0.004
0.382
96
7
Grassland
3,582
0.036
1.071
30
144,825
12.79
633.82
50
Total
Mentangai, Ex Megarice Project, Central Kalimantan, 2003 Vs 1990
114°40'
114°45'
2°20'
2°25'
2°15'
2°25'
2°25'
2°20'
2°20'
2°15'
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
114°40'
114°45'
114°25'
114°30'
114°35'
114°40'
114°45'
Keterangan :
Keterangan : No. Legenda
114°35'
2°10'
114°35'
2°10'
114°25'
114°30'
2°15'
114°30'
114°25'
2°25'
114°45'
2°20'
114°40'
2°15'
114°35'
2°10'
114°30'
2°10'
114°25'
Luas (Ha) 8606 Hutan rawa gambut Primer Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan 50427 Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran 20089 Belukar 16176 Semak 14596 Perladangan karet 1927 Tipe Penutupan Lahan
Danau Sungai Canal
Total N Sekala : 1:2000
1927
Kandungan C ( 10 ) 6 ton 72,143 381,387 102,887 2,706 85,238 0,107 644,468
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path dan Row 118 - 062 Liputan 15 Februari 2003 - Peta Rupa Bumi Skala 1 : 50 000 Bakosurtanal
Gambar 34. Sebaran Kandungan Karbon Berdasarkan Tipe Penutupan Lahan di dalam Batas Wilayah Proyek CCFPI di SPI Eks-PLG, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah, Tahun 2003
No.Legenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tipe Penutupan Lahan Hutan rawa gambut Primer Hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan Hutan rawa gambut bekas kebakaran Belukar Semak Perladangan karet Danau Sungai Canal
Total
Luas (Ha) 32504 72154 6912 251 -
Kandungan C ( 10 )6 ton
111821
826,207
272,479 545,712 6,341 1,675 -
N Sekala : 1:2000
Sumber : - Hasil Interpretasi Citra Landsat Path dan Row 118 - 062 Liputan Tahun 1990 - Peta Rupa Bumi Skala 1 : 50 000 Bakosurtanal
Gambar 36 Sebaran Kandungan Karbon Berdasarkan Tipe Penutupan Lahan di dalam Batas Wilayah Proyek CCFPI di SPI Eks-PLG, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah, Tahun 1990
Total Carbon Contents in Various Land Cover Area within CCFPI Project Boundary in Mentangai-Ex Megarice Project, Central Kalimantan in 1990, 1999 and 2003 Mentangai SPI Eks-PLG, Kalimantan Tengah No.
LAND COVER TYPE
Total Carbon, Above & Below ground (million ton)
Area (ha)
1990
1999
2003
1990
1999
2003
1
Primary peatswamp forests
32,504
8,751
8,606
272.48
73.36
72.14
2
Logg over peatswamp forests
72,154
50,405
50,427
545.71
381.22
381.39
3
Ex burnt peatswamp forests/ burnt area
-
14,815
20,089
81.14
102.89
4.
Belukar
6,912
18,809
16,176
6.34
8.90
2.71
5.
Bushes/Semak
251
17,960
14,596
1.67
112.35
85.24
6.
Crop field/ rubber plantation/settlement
1,081
1,927
0.060
0.107
111,821
111.821
657.03
644.47
Total
-
111,821
Peat depth up to 12 meter
-
-
826.21
ABOVE & BELOW GROUND CARBON CONTENTS IN MENTANGAI CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (2003) Total Carbon million ton
No.
Land Cover Type
Above ground C
Below ground C
Ratio
(A)
(B)
B/A
0.41
71.73
174
50427
3.08
378.30
123
Area (ha) 8606
1
Prrimary peatswamp forests Logg over peatswamp forests
2 3
Ex Burnt Area
20089
3.09
99.80
32
4
Shrubs
16176
0.47
2.23
5
5
Bushes
14596
0.07
85.17
1217
1927
6
Crop field/ rubber plantation/settleme nt
0,107
0.00
Total
111.821
7.23
637.24
88
