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Socioemotional Development in Infancy
Kisi-kisi Perkembangan Emosional •Apakah emosi itu? •Perkembangan emosi •Temperamen •Kelekatan
Exploring Emotions
Exploring Emotions
Apakah emosi itu? ?Perasaan atau afeksi dalam keadaan atau interaksi yang ditandai dengan:
•Ekspresi wajah untuk emosi dasar:
? Pengalaman kesadaran
•Emosi adalah bawaan, namun dikembangkan dengan interaksi
? Ekspresi perilaku
? Dorongan fisiologis
?ekspresi positif dan negatif
Perkembangan Psikososial (Erik Erikson)
1. •
Apakah emosi itu?
Tahap Percaya vs Tidak Percaya (0-1 tahun) Kepercayaan anak berdasar pemenuhan kebutuhan fisik dan psikologis • Kepercayaan dibangun jika ada pengasuh yang responsif contoh : memeluk anak ketika menangis, memberi makan, dll • Penting untuk landasan hubungan sosial anak selanjutnya • jika tidak ada perhatian dari pengasuh ? anak sulit percaya dengan orang lain
? Bawaan biologis, sama di seluruh budaya
2. Otonomi vs Malu dan Ragu (1-3 tahun) •Anak punya banyak kemampuan baru dan lebih mandiri. Contoh : makan sendiri, berjalan, dll. •Senang mencoba dan eksplorasi, namun belum terarah. Contoh : memegang semua barang di sekitarnya •Jika tidak ada kesempatan dari pengasuh ? anak akan merasa bingung dan ragu dengan kemampuannya
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Development of Emotion
Perkembangan Emosi Awal ?Emosi Dasar ? Muncul di manusia dan beberapa hewan lainnya ? Mulai ada sejak usia 6 bulan ? Bentuknya: terkejut, gembira, marah, sedih, takut, dan jijik
?Self-conscious emotions ? Mulai tampak usia 18 bulan-2 tahun ? Membutuhkan standard dan aturan sosial ? Bentuknya: empati, cemburu, dan malu
Development of Emotion
Infant Crying ?Basic cry ? Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest
?Anger cry ? Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage, with more excess air forced through vocal chords
?Pain cry ? Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus
Development of Emotion
Infant Smiling
Fear
?Reflexive smile
? Tidak untuk merespon stimulus dari luar ? Terjadi pada bulan pertama setelah lahir, terutama saati tidur
? Dipengaruhi oleh konteks sosial, karakteristik orang asing tersebut ? Individual variations
?Social smile
? Respon pada stimulus eksternal ? Terjadi mulai usia 2-3 bulan ? Biasanya merespon wajah orang lain
Development of Emotion
Social Referencing ?“membaca”petunjuk emosional dari orang lain dalan menentukan sikap di situasi tertentu ?Kemampuan berkembang di usia 2 tahun ?Banyak anak usia 14-22 bulan melihat wajah ibu sebagai sumber informasi
?Pertama muncul di usia 6 bulan, mencapai puncaknya di usia 18 bulan ?Stranger anxiety — rasa cemas dan takut pada orang asing, intens di usia 9-12 bulan
?Separation protest — menangis ketika pengasuh pergi; mencapai puncak di usia sekitar 15 bulan
Development of Emotion
Emotional Regulation and Coping •Bayi menggunakan cara menenangkan diri dalam coping, misal: menghisap jempol saat merasa cemas •Selanjutnya pengalihan perhatian juga dapat digunakan untuk coping •Mulai 2 tahun, batita menggunakan bahasa untuk ekspresi emosi •Konteks mempengaruhi pengaturan emosi
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Temperament
Temperament
Temperament •Gaya perilaku individual dan karakteristik dalam merespon emosi ? Berhubungan erat dengan kepribadian
•Rothbart and Bates’Classification ? Extraversion urgency ? Negative affectivity ? Effortful control (self-regulation)
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment •Attachment — close emotional bond between two people •Freud — infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction ? Harlow’s study proved otherwise
Chess and Thomas’ Classification ?Tiga tipe dasar: ? Easy child: mood positif, cepat membangun rutinitas sendiri, mudah beradaptasi dengan pengalaman baru ? Difficult child: bereaksi negatif, sering menangis, rutinitas yang tidak teratur, lambat menerima pengalaman baru ? Slow-to-warm-up child: tingkat aktivitasnya rendah, menunjukkan adaptasi yang lama, menunjukkan intensitas mood dalam taraf rendah
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment •Erikson — first year of life is key time for attachment development ? Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
•Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver ? Four phases of attachment in first 2 years
Attachment and Love
Individual Differences and the Strange Situation •Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver ? Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions ? Some infants have more positive attachments than others
Development of the attachment bond 0-6 weeks ? Pre-attachment ? Infant produces innate signals to gain comfort ? Bayi memunculkan tanda-tanda untuk mendapatkan rasa nyaman
6 weeks to 7 months ? Attachment-in-the-making ? Preference for familiar people ? Lebih memilih untuk dekat dengan orang yang dikenal
? Development of the attachment bond ? Berkembangnya ikatan kelekatan
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Development of the attachment bond 7 months to around 1 and ½ years ? Clear-cut attachment ? Seek out regular care givers
? Mencari pengasuh yang sudah dikenalnya
? Separation protest, wariness of strangers
? Menolak untuk berpisah dan curiga pada orang asing (baru)
Testing attachment Strange Situation Task (Ainsworth, 1960’s): ? Infants around 12 months ? A pattern of separations from and reunions the mother
? Secure base is formed
? Terbentuknya dasar-dasar rasa aman
Aim
? 2 years onward
? Reciprocal relationship
? Hubungannya sudah timbal balik
? Child has increased understanding of relationship
? To diagnose differing patterns of attachment form child’s reactions
? Anak memiliki pemahaman yang lebih meningkat tentang hubungan dirinya dan orang lain dengalebih dalam
Strange Situation Procedure •Parent and infant are introduced to the experimental room. •Parent and infant are alone. Parent does not participate while infant explores. •Stranger enters, converses with parent, then approaches infant. •Parent leaves inconspicuously. •First separation episode: ? Stranger's behavior is geared to that of infant.
Strange Situation Procedure ? First reunion episode: ? Parent greets and comforts infant, then leaves again.
? Second separation episode: ? Infant is alone.
? Continuation of second separation episode: ? Stranger enters and gears behavior to that of infant.
? Second reunion episode: ? Parent enters, greets infant, and picks up infant; stranger leaves inconspicuously.
Attachment and Love
Secure (Pattern B)
Insecure Resistant (Pattern C) Mixture of anger and relief on reunion
Patterns of Attachment Seeks contact and proximity to mother esp. in reunion episodes
Distressed during Separation episodes
Very distressed in Separation
Attachment Categories Securely attached
Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from
Insecure avoidant
Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Insecure resistant
Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness
Insecure disorganized
Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented
Little exploratory behavior
Prefers mother to stranger Around 65% of infants
Around 15% of infants
Insecure Avoidant (Pattern A) Little or no tendency to seek proximity to mother Avoidance of proximity during reunion not distressed during separation Little difference in attitude to stranger Around 20% of infants
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Attachment and Love
Attachment and Love
Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification Kelekatan pada Bayi
Perilaku Pengasuh
Secure
Sensitive to signals, available
Insecure Avoidant
Unavailable or rejecting
Insecure Resistant
Inconsistent
Inscure Disorganized
Neglect or physically abuse
Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers ?Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities ? Feeding ? Changing diapers ? Bathing
?Paternal interactions more likely to include play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts
Attachment and Love
Child Care ?Many parents worry about child’s care ?Child care strategies for parents ? Quality of parenting is key to child’s development ? Make decisions that enhance being good parents ? Monitor child’s development ? Take time to find the best child care
?Child care may harm some children more than others
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