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Creating

Decent Work

Decent work work is is like like aa dream. dream. And And why why not.lf not. If not not decent, decent, then then the the total total of of new new jobs jobs Decent from year year to to year year will will not not grow grow compared compared with with the the rise rise in in the the number number of of the the workworkfrom force. One One can can clearly clearly guess guess the the outcome:the outcome:the unemployment unemployment ate rate becomes becomes s/en even force. larger.What is is even even more more worrying worrying is is the the rise rise of of the the unemployed unemployed possessing possessing higher higher larger.What education. Currently, Currently, there there are are about about 300,000 300,000 graduates graduates looking looking for for joh job education. This supplement supplement aims aims to to illustrate illustrate manpower manpower problems problems in in lndonesia,as Indonesians well well This as the the underlying underlying problems problems caused caused by by unemployment]here unemployment.There is is in in fact fact aa way way of of as overcoming, one one that that will will eventually eventually show show that that the the creation creation of of decent decent work work is is no no overcoming longer aa dream. dream. longer re.01.3107B09/358 107809/3sB e,i cP.5 cp.5 eri

CREATING CREATING DECENT DECENT WORK

Unemployment, child Unemployment, child labor labor and and aa lack of of

job opportunities job are opportunities are problems for for still problems Indonesia. lndonesia. A A comprecomprehensive hensive approach approach is needed in order needed in order to to change fate of the fate of change the Indonesian lndonesian workers. DURING the last five years, stories about manpower manpower in Indonesia DURING have still not been satisfactory satisfactory at all. Even though there are indicabetter directions that Indonesia’s Indonesia's economic growth is moving in a better newjob creation and the job creation tion, this is however not the case as far as new fate of workers in Indonesia is concerned. ofworkers Unemployment, low wage standards, neglected safety levels, minUnemployment, miserable migrant workers are all imum skills, child workers and miserable Indonesian manpower manpower at the still part of the sorrowful sorrolvful story about Indonesian present time. Unemployment, Unemployment, for example, is still the most difficult problem problem to overcome. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics overcome. According (BPS), if 2oo1 open unemployment unemployrnent was still 8.1 8.t percent, the if during 2001 following following years the total figures increased significantly to aa level of 11 percent. 10.29 percent in 2005. zoo5. And in 2006, zoo6, this increased increased to 11 At the same time, the total work work force has increased rapidly at an workers every year. If during average rate of two million additional workers people, then by 2001 2ool the total work force amounted to 98.8 9B.B million people, ro5.8 million people. If If the average 2005 increased to 105.8 2oo5 this total has increased ofthis increase does not change, then by the end of this year the total work force will reach no less than 109.8 ro9.B million people. because the growth of total The problem becomes complicated because available employment employrnent can not match the growth of the work force. Indonesia never In addition, the amount unemployment in Indonesia amount of open unemployment 2oo5 drops. The total figure for open unemployment unemployment by the year 2005 alone had already reached 10.9 percent. This does not include the (working less than 35 fact that there is also halfunemployrnent unemployment (working also open half 35 Indonesia is hours per week), meaning that total unemployment unemployment in Indonesia

really astonishing, astonishing, amounting amounting as it does to almost 39 39 percent of the phenomenon clarifies that in Indonesia Indonesia what total work force. This phenomenon growth (growth in referred to as as jobless growth is now happening is what is referred job opportunities). unemployment no new new job opportunities). because there there are are no unemployment because Therefore Therefore in the future, the government will need to implement a new approach in its economic development development policies by not only oricreating ented to pure economic economic growth, but also the possibility of creating new new job opportunities. opportunities. In this way, the unemployment rate can be reduced in stages and controlled. controlled. government has already carried several measures So carried out several So far, the government in order to significantly significantly reduce the unemployment rate. Last year Manpower and alone, the Minister Minister of of Manpower alone, Erman Erman Suparno, Suparno, the Transmigration, Manggala Bhakti opening Job Fair 2 at the Manggala Transmigration, after opening (zolrr), revealed revealed that Wanatama building in Yogyakarta Yoryakarta on Tuesday Tuesday (20/11), government had succeeded the government succeeded in reducing reducing unemployment by one year we are targeting reducing r.5 million. "This year reducing unemployment unemplo5rment by 1.5 million. And we will increase this in the years to follow," said Erman. point of view, Alan Alan Boulton, Boulton, Director Director of From of view, From aa different different point (ILO) Jakarta, emphasize the International International Labour Labour Organization (ILO) necessity necessity to develop develop an approach that was more educative in nature Workers' skills, said to increase Indonesian workers. Workers’ increase the quality of Indonesian greater access to the forAlan, need need to be increased increased so so that they have greater directed towards mal sector. In addition, they will also begin to be directed thinking about how to be able to create new new job opportunities, opportunities, so that dependence availablejobs jobs is reduced in stages. dependence on available children are Another Another matter matter no less crucial is the fact that so many children

Humantzi ng lndonesian Workers

Humanizing

Indonesian

1001 lool-

Workers rNtFO TEMPO INFO Dr(tr,4BER 3, 3 2007 J007 rEtrlpol DECEMBER

still being forced to work. They They are mixed together young workers—aged with with young workers-aged between between 15 r5 and and 29 z9 years of age (based on the UN definition)—who definition)-who usually lack lack both skills and experience. experience. In this sort of situation, their bargaining position is extremely bargaining position extremely weak and and they they are not capable of rejecting rejecting low wages. When one takes into account the entire child workers and young workers in Indonesia at the present time, surely the job market is unable unable to absorb them all. Therefore the majority of them are unemployed. According to ILO records, records, the difference between between child workers and young workers ers who have have jobs with those who are unemployed unemployed (r:6). Therefore it is shown is at aa ratio of one one to six (1:6). that if there are no possibilities for them to be ifthere absorbed absorbed in the job market, then this could be the trigger of new social problems. There are of course many ofcourse many reasons as as to to why there are so many child workers workers and young workers in Indonesia. The most classic reason reason is poverty. Many parents, even though they are fully aware of how important important education education is for their children, children, have no choice but to let their children children work in order to help their family’s family's economy. jobs does Ironically, Ironically, the place within the hunt hunt for jobs does not not only only take take place Indonesia Indonesia but also overseas as as people become migrant workers. It often happens that people spend their savings getting false persavings on getting sonal data in order to be able to obtain work overseas. They also don’t don't seem seem to care care that the reality of life as a migrant migrant worker as a worker is often disorderly disorderly and they end up being mistreated in aa foreign country, maybe maybe even becoming infected with the HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS virus. On On the the other other hand, hand, the the fact fact that that the the amount amount of workers workers in Indonesia is far greater than the jobs available makes their bargainIndonesia bargain-

ing position extremely extremely weak. They cannot refuse, even even though they are paid low wages. In other words, although although they are working, working, they are still unable to live aa decent life. It is the same case case even if they work overseas. overseas. Despite the fact that they do receive better wages wages overseas, overseas, they still have have to pay out aa great deal as as far as as costs costs are are concerned. This includes bribing bribing the officials so so that they remain safe safe in carrying out their their work. In other words, their lives as as workers are still not secure. And this is the most fundamental problem problem in manpower affairs in Indonesia Indonesia at the present time. Another apparent apparent problem regarding regarding manpower manpower in Indonesia Indonesia is the the complicated complicated relationships between workers and and companies. Although currently several changes are viable, such as as being able able to set up workers’ workers' unions and empowerment or legal reform efforts, however in general much of this in fact only exists on ofthis on paper. At the implementation implementation level, much of this hardly hardly ever happens. Evidence Evidence of this can can be be seen seen in the many problems involving upholding the law and strengthening labor administraupholding of ofthe strengthening of oflabor Unemploymert in Indonesia (2000-2005) tion, such as as manpower manpower supervision, settlement settlement of industriof industri(^millions of people) al disputes, conditions, conditions, requirements requirements and work services. If matters involving involving industrial industrial relations can can soon soon be Year Work New New Job Open straightened up, then the results will be far more productive. Workers will feel more secure and they themselves themselves will force* jobseekers* Opportunities (millions) Unemployment safeguard the continued their companies continued existence of oftheir companies so so 2000 95,65 0,94 1,00 5,81 that eventually companies companies will certainly certainly benefit more. more. In addition, this will also create greater opportunities 2001 98,81 3,16 0,97 8,00 opportunities for more investment investment in Indonesia. 2002 100,78 1,97 0,84 9,13 government, workers’ So far, the government, and employer’s So workers'and employer's organ2003 100,32 -0,46 -0,86 9,53 izations have in fact worked hard to overcome existing 2004 102,02 1,70 1,38 9,85 problems. However, However, this is certainly intricate to achieve. 2005 105,8 2,00 1,57 10,29 There are many holes that need to be repaired, especially especially regarding regulations that will make it possible for workSource: Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) "feel safe" ers ers to to "feel safe" when when they they work, such as decent wages, health insurance and the opportunity of improvDevelopment of GDP in Indonesia (2003-2006) ing quality of ing their their quality of life life from from the income that they receive. In order to 2003 2004 2005 2006 achieve achieve this, this, the the government must GDP 1.577.171.3 1.656.516,8 1.750.656,1 1.846.654,9 establish establish policies that are more comprehensive prehensive and fundamental, fundamental, so that GDP WITHOUT OIL & GAS 1.421.474,8 1.506.296,6 1.605.247,6 1.703.086,0 manpower is no longer aa burden but in fact becomes strength. ■r

INFO iNFO TEMPO TEI\4PO DECEMBER OrCilrAarn 3, 3 2007 2007 I

I

101 ror

CREATING CREATIN' DECENT DECENT WORK

TKl, Part of Our Blueprint Perspective

Part of Our Blueprint Perspective

@

protection of Legal Legal protection TKIs is still still ofTKls

potential weak.They weak.They also have the the potential of victims of humantraftrafof becoming becoming victims of human ficking ficking

Ki'.IATlONS between Indonesia and Malaysia always between Indonesia and Malaysia always seem seem to to be be up up and and RELATIONS down. down Amidst all these these fluctuations, the most often cause cause is is related to to problems concerning the temlems The last last time that the @ncerning Indonesian migrant workers. The personnel making surprise perafures peratures rose rose was was as as a a result of of REIA REI-{ personnel surprise raids raids on Indonesian workers the Indonesian workers in Malaysia Malaysia in mid October Previously, at October this this year. Previously, at the beginning of 2007, zoo7, thousands of of undocumented undocumented workers from Indonesia beginning were also forced out out of of Malaysia. Malaysia. also forced At the the same people are become At same time, time, thousands of of people are queuing up to become up to (TKIs). The Indonesian jobs here Indonesian workers (TKIs). The reason reason for this this is is the the fact fact that thatjobs here are are scarce. International Labour l-abour Organization Organization (ILO) has has recorded recorded that durscarce. The International ing ing the the last last 10 ro years, Indonesia Indonesia has has become become the the largest largest exporter of of migrant migrant workers in the Ministry of Manpower Manpower and the world. Based on on data from the the Ministry Transmigration, at Transmigration, at the the end end of of 2006 zoo6 there there are are approximately approximately 2.7 2.7 million million TKIs working legally legally with document document overseas. overseas. If If one one includes includes those tlose who enter enter and and work work in other other countries illegally without without documentation, documentation, then countries illegally then the the total total figure can can be be more more than than double. double. Unfortunately, out majority of out of of these these millions, the the majority of them them work as as domesdomestics protection. Up tics with weak weak position in terms of legal legal protection. now, only terms of Up until until now, only Hong Kong migrant workers, Kong cares cares about about protecting the the rights rights of ofmigrant workers, such such as as hours hours of work, standard wages, holidays holidays and standard wages, and other other working conditions. Apart work, and Apart from from this, are no no decent decent standards standards of ofwork, and even even basic rights this, there there are basic rights are from the Indonesian Association Association for Migrant Migrant Care are often often violated. Data from Care states TICs died died overseas zooT; another 6o states that that 45 overseas between between January January and and April 2007; another 60 45 TKIs were were detained overseas, overseas, while while hundreds hundreds of ofthousands thousands more were were deported. The The Government of of Indonesia Indonesia has has in fact fact already already done done its its best best to to handle migrant workers. Wardoyo, Director Director for the Protection of workers. Teguh Wardoyo, the Protection of Indonesian Citizens Foreign Affairs, stated Citizens and and Legal kgal Bodies at at the the Department of of Foreign stated that the government has the government has already already launched launched the the Citizen Citizen Service Service System. This is is the System. This (ULr) and mandate mandate from Law Law (UU) and Presidential Presidential Instruction Irstn:ction 6/2006 6/zoo6 regarding regarding the reform system services for and citizens, including TKIs. ofcitizens, system of ofservices and protection of Since March year, based on March this year, on Law No. No. 39/2004 S9/zoo4 regarding the Placement Placement and Protection of ofTKIs, TKIs, the government has has set set up tle National up the (BNPzTKI). Board Board for for the the Placement Placement and and Protection Protection of of Indonesian Indonesian Workers Workers (BNP2TKI). "One of our tasks is to ensure TICs work under healthy and ofour tasks is ensure that that TKIs under healthy and safe safe conditions,” said BNPzTKI Chairman Hidayat, in Jakarta. tions," said BNP2TKI Chairman Jumhur Jumhur Hidayat, Jakarta. Hengki Irsan, the Indonesian Manpower Attaché Attach6 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, BNPzTIC is is carrying out Emirates, added added that BNP2TKI out aa program to optimize

102 102 II

the is active the incomes incomes of TKIs. TKIs. This This agency agency is active in in supporting Indonesian Indonesian banks role in countries where TKIs TI(Is bad<s to to play aa greater role countries where work work with aa scheme scheme that regulates regulates saving saving of wages on of wages on aa 30:70 3o:7o perc€nt of ratio. ratio. The The means meals that that 30 of income income is is credited credited to to aa work3() percent er’s he or is working and er's bank banl< account account in the the country country where he or she she is and 70 is transferred transferred to to his his or or her her bank bank account in 70 percent is Indonesia. In this way, "When their their work contracts are are complete, workers can their work overcan then enjoy the proceeds of oftheir enjoy the seas," seas," he he said. said. The govemment is The government is not not standing Many other standing alone. alone. Many other parties are are paying attention to migrant also migrant workers, such as as the also paying the Union of (SBMI). According Indonesian Indonesian Migrant Workers Workers (SEMI). According to its chairman, Moh. Miftah Farid, Farid, SBMI in cooperation cooperation with ILO is already already providing educational educational course course to migrant migrant workers after they have have completed This training also includes family members members so completed their contracts. contracts. This also includes so that they they can their own business business with with better long-term long-term calculations. "This can start their concept concept is is aimed aimed at at empowering empowering them," said said Miftah. Even Even so, so, the the handling handling of of TKIs is is not not without its critics. critics. When it was was first set BNPzTKI wanted wanted to set up, up, as as well as as wanting to to increase legal protection, BNP2TKI accelerate accelerate cheap cheap and and easy easy services services for for TKIs, as as well as as increasing increasing the the placement ment of ofTKIs TKIs from 600,000 6oo,ooo people up 2oo9, up to to 750,000 75o,ooo people per year. In 2009, it isis hoped hoped that it will be be possible to to place 3.9 several coun3.9 million TKIs in several tries. Finally, it is is hoped that remittances sent tries. Finally, that there there will be be an an increase in remittances sent by TKIs per year currently TKIs from around Rp35 Rp35 trillion hillion per currently to Rpl86 RprB6 trillion. According Miftah, achieving According to to Miftah, achiwing this tlis target target will require require excessive excessive coordination oordination between between the the Ministry Minishy of of Trade, Trade, the the Ministry Minishy of of Foreign Foreign Affairs, Affairs, the the Ministry Ministry of Manpower and and Transmigration, Transmigration, and and the Ministry Ministry of Justice and aird Human Rights, Rights, in in this Directorate General "Currently, coordithis case case the the Directorate General of of Immigration. "Currently, oordination nation between between these these line line ministries ministries is is still still insubstantial," irsubstantial," he he said. said. problem as The workers has become aa global problem The migration of of workers has certainly certainlybemme as well well as as priority for ILO in Indonesia. a priority Indonesia. Because Because of a of this, in carrying out out its programs and activities, formulating effective activities, ILO ILO has has stressed stressed the importance importance of offormulating migrant migrant worker management. management. This should should include aa guide to to human rights procedures, involving standards, simplifoing migration migration administrative involving the standards, simplifying administrative procedures, participation participation of workers' organizations of entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurs' and and workers’ organizations by by providing correct information information for migrant workers, workers, and support for international international cooperand support ation regarding workers. For regarding the the migration migration of ofworkers. For example, example, cooperation cooperation within ASEAN ASEAN will involve involve both sending sending and and receiving receiving countries. countries. "In short, short, several several measures measures have have to to be be implemented in order order to eradicate eradicate human trafficking process. These migration process. These measures measures will have have to trafficking in the the migration to be be able to able to encourage encourage official within within the the inter-country inter-country migration migration systems systems as as well quicker and as as to to create create systems systems that are are cheaper, cheaper, quicker and more more attractive attractive compared compared to illegal methods," said Albert Y. Bonasahat, Bonasahat, Coordinator said Albert Coordinator of ILO Jakarta Migrant Migrant Workers’ Workers' Protection Protection Program. Program. These These worn out out measures measures and and methods methods of of improving improving the the fate fate of of TKIs do picture of not have providing aa complete picture the Indonesian have the the capability capability of ofproviding ofthe Indonesian manpower problems that manpower map. map. Poverty Poverty is is one roots of manpower problems one of of the the roots of manpower that must possible. Without this, working be followed up as possible. be handled and and followed up on as as soon as overseas overseas legally legally with document or or illegally illegally without document will become become the jobseekers. ■r the final choice choice of ofjobseekers.

INFO TNTOTEMPOI TEMPO] DECEMBERS, DECEMBER 3, 2007 2AO7

The total total amount amount of of child child The workers in lndonesia Indonesia is is still still wokers extremely high. high. ls Is there there still still aa extremely possibility for for them them to to taste taste possibility their world world again? again? their

RETURNING RETURNING CHILDREN CHILDREN TO THEIR WORLD WORLD TOTHEIR GO toto Jakarta. Jakarta. That Thatwas was the the decision decision taken taken by by Seno, Seno, let's let’sjust just call call GQ tilhim, him, even eventhough though his hisfriends friendstried triedtoto discourage discourageirim himfrom fromworking working as as

in

anofhce officeboy boy in Jakarta, Jakarta,three threeyears yearsago. ago. an Seno couldnot notrefuse refusethis thisoffer offeras ashe hereally reallyneeded neededwork. work. Back Backininhis his Senqeould

village iiiinBanyumas, Banyumas, this this second secondofofthree three siblings siblingswas was unemployed unemployed village afterbeing being unable unable to to continue continue his his education educationto to senior senior high high school school after ,(SMA), (SMA).t*is Hisparents parentsare areonly onlyfarmers, farmers,hence henceincapable incapableofofpaying payingfor forhis his highschool schooleducation. education. So SoSeno Senoended endedup upasashe heisisnow, now,working workingasasan an high officeboy boywith withaatotal totalsalary salaryofofRp5oo, Rpsoo, ooo oooper permonth, month,far farbelow belowthe the ofEce minimumprovincial provincialwage wagelevel. level. minimum Sufficient?Certainly Certainlynot. not."My "Mysalary salaryisisonly onlysufEcient sufficienttotocover covermy mydaily daily Sufficient? livingcosts. costs.That's That'sall, all,sosoI Ihave havetotoseek seekadditional additionalincome," income,"said saidSeno. Seno. living Senoisisjust justone oneofofmany manyyoung youngIndonesian Indonesianworkers workerswho whoare areforced forced Seno toseek seekan anadditional additionalmeans meansofofsubsistence subsistencebecause becausethey theydidn't didn’tcomcomto plete pletetheir theireducation educationand andnow nowlive liveon onthe theverge vergeofofpoverty. poverty.Officially, Officially,the the totalofofchild childworkers workersand andyoung youngworkers workersamount amounttotomillions millionsofofpeople. people. total theyear yearzooz 2002alone, alone,according accordingtotoofficial officialgovernment governmentrecords, records,the the InInthe totalof of child child workers workersamounted amountedtotofour four million million people. people. They They are are total betweenthe theages agesofof1313years yearsold-some old—someare areeven even1010years yearsold--and old—and1717 between years yearsold. old.They Theyhave havebecome becomedomestic domesticworkers, workers,fishermen, fishermen,porters, porters, drugdealers, dealers,and andeven eveninvolved involvedininprostitution prostitutionororwhatever whateverthey theycan cando do drug ordertotomake makemoney. money.They Theyare areforced forcedtotocompete competewith withyoung youngand and ininorder adultworkers workersininorder ordertotobebeable abletotoobtain obtainthe thesame samelevel levelofwages. of wages. adult ArumRatnawati, Ratnawati,Program ProgramOfficer Officerfrom fromILO ILOElimination EliminationofofChild Child Arum LabourProgram, Program,emphasized emphasizedthat thatmany manyofofthem themare areeven eveninvolved involvedinin Labour theworst worsttypes typesofjobs of jobsthat thatare areprohibited prohibitedunder underl,aw Law(UU) (UU)ratified ratifiedby by the ILOregarding regardingminimum minimumworking workingages agesand andthe theelimination eliminationofofthe theworst worst ILO typesofofwork workfor forchildren. children. tlpes "Itisisimportant importantthat thatlegislation legislationisisimplemented implementedtotoensure ensurechildren childrenofof "It schoolage ageremain remainatatschool schoolsosothat thatthey theycan canobtain obtaindecent decentemployment employment school whenthey theyare areadults adultsand andavoid avoidbeing beingdragged draggeddown downinto intopoverty. poverty.With With when

INTO INFOTEMPO TEMPO DECTMBER DECEMBERS, 2007 3, 2OO7

minimum education education and and no no experience, experience, they theyhave have no no bargaining bargaining posiposiminimum

tion," saidArum. said Arum. tion,"

Research conducted conducted by byILO ILO last lastyear year also also shows showsthat thatinability inabilityto to conconResearch

tinue education-because education—because of ofthe the expensive expensive costs-is costs—is the the main main reason reason tinue

forthem them having havingto to seek seek work. work. Approximately Approximately33 33 percent percent ofsurveyed of surveyed for respondents even even acknowledged acknowledged they they had had been been working working before before they they respondents hadleft left school. school. had Of course,because becauseoftheir of theiryoung youngage ageand andlack lackofskills, of skills,they theydon't don’thave have Ofcourse, theopportunity opportunitytotochoose choosethe thetype type ofofwork workthat thatisissuitable suitablefor forthem. them. the Tauvik Muhamad, Muhamad, program program officer officer atat ILO ILO Jakarta, Jakarta,went went on on toto say say Tauvik thatpoverty povertywas was ininfact factthe the main main reason reasonwhy whythere there are are so so many manychild child that workers inin Indonesia. Indonesia. "Because "Because ofthis, of this, itit isis important importanttoto ensure ensurethat that workers

parentsobtain obtainmeaningful meaningfulemployrnent employmentand andaasufficient sufficientstandard standardofoflivlivparents ingtotoavoid avoidtheir theirchildren childrenfrom fromhaving havingtotowork workininorder ordertotosupplement supplement ing thefamily familyincome." income." the Sofar, far,the thegovernment governmenthas hasbeen beensufEciently sufficientlyperceptive perceptiveregarding regardingthe the So problemsofchild of childworkers. workers.Through Throughplans plansthat thatwere wereprepared preparedback backin in problems 2002,the thegovernment governmenthas hasnow nowalmost almostfinished finishedmapping mappingout outthe theexisexiszooz,

tence of of child child workers workers within within Indonesia's Indonesia’s economic economic sectors. sectors. Data Data tence recordedup upuntil untilnow nowindicates indicatesthat thattJre thelargest largestamount amountofchild of childworkworkrecorded ers,some some55.6 55.6percent, percent,isistotobe befound foundininthe theagricultural agriculturalsector. sector.Another Another ers, 17percent percentare areworking workingininthe thetrade tradeand andservices servicesindustry, industry,plus plusr3.zz 13.22 17 percentininthe theprocessing processingindustry industrysector. sector.Many Manychildren childrenbetween betweentIe the percent agesofofro10and andr414are areinvolved involvedininthe theworst worstlpes typesofjobs, of jobs,such suchasasprosprosages

titutionand andthe thedrug drugtrade. trade. titution Althoughititmust mustbe beacknowledged acknowledgedthat thatthe thepractice practiceofexploitation of exploitation Although stilltakes takes place placeininchild childemployment, employment, nevertheless nevertheless the the figures figuresare are still decliningevery everyyear. year.This Thisisisbeing beingcarried carriedout outwith withaatime timebound boundproprodeclining gramlaunched launchedby byILO ILOasasaaform formofofsupport supportfor forthe thegovernment's government’sproprogram grams.The Thegovernment governmentitselfhas itself hasannounced announcedits itsobjective objectivethat thatthere there grams. willbe beno nomore morechild childworkers workersby bythe theyear yearzozz. 2022.Until Untilnow, now,the theresults results will of theseefforts effortshave havebeen beensatisfactory. satisfactory. ofthese

By the the end end of of 2006, 2006, the the Department Department of of Manpower Manpower and and By Transmigrationrecorded recordedthat thatthere therehad hadbeen beenaa1313percent percentdecrease decreaseinin Transmigration childworker workerflgures. figures. The Thetotal totalofoffour fourmillion millionchild childworkers workersininzooz 2002 child hadbeen beenreduced reducedtoto2.8 2.8million millionchildren childrenbybythe theend endofofzoo6. 2006.IfIfthis this had conditioncontinues, continues,maybe maybeititwill willbe bepossible possibletotoachieve achievethe theaim aimofof condition eradicatingchild childworkers workersbybythe theyear yearzozz. 2022.And Andchildren childrenwitl willbebeable abletoto eradicating returntototheir theirworld, world,totoplay playand andstudy. study.Hopefully. Hopefully.r■ return

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CREATING CREATiNG DECENT DECENT WORK WORK

HESTIPutri Putrihas hashad hadititwith withjob jobapplications. applications.She Shehas hassend sendout outhundreds hundreds HESTI tomany, many,many manycompanies. companies.And Andwhat whatwere werethe theresults? results?Nothing. Nothing.She Shestill still to hasnot notLreen been able abletotoget get aajob. job. But Butthis thiszg-year-old 29-year-oldwoman womanisisnot notthe thetype type has ofperson personwho whonormally normallygives givesup upeasily. easily. Not Not satisfied satisfiedwith withjust just aamanagemanageof ment degree degreefrom from aa college college ininYoryakarta, Yogyakarta, she sheincreased increasedher herbargaining bargaining ment powerby bytaking taking aa master's master’s degree degree inin management. management. And And what what was was the the power result?She Sheisisstill stillunemployed. unemployed. "Now "NowII havejust have juststarted startedtototry tryand and produce produce result? householdgoods goodsmade madefrom from cloth," cloth,"she shesaid. said. household Hestiisisjust justone oneofofthe themillions millionsofofworkers workerswho whohave havenot notbeen been absorbed absorbed Hesti intothe theformal formalsector. sector. Based Basedon ondata datafrom fromthe the Department DepartmentofofManpower Manpower into andTransmigration, Transmigration, the the total total of ofpeople people who who are arejust just not not able able to to get get and employment isis continuing continuing toto increase. increase. At Atthe the end end ofofzoo5, 2005, there there were were employrnent around ro.3 10.3 million million people people classified classified asasopen open unemployed. unemployed. By Bythe the end end of of around 2007, ititisisestimated estimatedthat thatthis thisfigure figurewill willhave haveincreased increasedtoto tr.5 11.5million millionpeopeozoo7, ple. Compared Comparedtoto unemployrnent unemploymentlevels levels atatthe thebeginning beginning ofthe of the zooos, 2000s, the the ple. unemployment rate ratethis thisyear yearhas hasgone goneup upby bymore morethan than rzo 120percent. percent. unemployment Employment problems problems are are not not only only found found in in the the high high level level of ofopen open Employment unemployment, but butalso also those thosewho who are are half halfunemployed. unemployed. This This deflnition definition unemployment, refers toto people people who who are are not notfully fully employed employed Qess (less than than 35 35 hours) hours) and and are are refers still readyto ready to take take on on extra extrawork. work. still There are are also also people people inin fi.rll full unemployment unemployment who who receive receive extremely extremelylow low There incomes, as as well well as as those those who who possessjobs possess jobs that that do do not not correspond correspondtoto their their incomes, level ofeducation of education (Central (Central Bureau Bureau ofStatistics-BPS, of Statistics—BPS, 2oo1). 2001). And, And, currentcurrentlevel ly, more more than than 3o 30 percent percent ofofthe the young young work workforce force isis only onlyhalf halfemployed. employed. In In ly, general, they they are are more more likely likelytoto be be absorbed absorbed into into the the informal informal sector. sector. general, Duringthe the last last five five years, years, economic economic gro*th growth has has certainly certainly increased, increased, even even During exceeding five five percent percent inin zoo4 2004 and and zoo5. 2005. However, However, this this was was not not complecompleexceeding mentedby byan an equivalent equivalent amount amount ofofnew newjob job opportunities. opportunities. The The elastic elastic value value mented of job oppornrnities opportunities inin Indonesia Indonesia isis extremely extremely low, low, and andthere there isis even even aa neganegaofjob tive value value as as far far as as the the industrial industrial sector sector isis concerned. concerned. The The capability capability ofthis of this tive sectorto to provide provide newjob new job opportunities opportunities has has declined, declined, while while the the agricultural agricultural sector and services services sectors sectors areburdenedwith are burdened with the the task task ofabsorbingjob of absorbing job seekers. seekers. and Observing the the situation, situation, Armida Armida S.S. Alisjahbana, Alisjahbana, aa Senior Senior Lecturer Lecturer in in the the Observing Economics Faculty Faculty ofUniversitas of Universitas Padjadjaran, Padjadjaran, said said she she considered considered the the Economics focus of ofIndonesia's Indonesia’s United United Cabinet Cabinet on on policies policies to to create create new newjob job opportuopportufocus nities was was in in fact fact still still relevant. relevant. However, However, during during the the first first three three years years of of nities President Susilo Susilo Bambang Bambang Yudhoyono's Yudhoyono’s administration, administration, this this cabinet cabinet has has President not yet yet shown shown satisfactory satisfactory results. results. not

According to to Armida, Armida, the the challenge challenge for for the the government government in in the the manmanAccording power sector sector is, is, first, first, to to create create modern, modern, formal formal job job opportunities opportunities on on as as power wide aa scale scale as as possible. possible. And, And, "Provide "Provide the the necessary necessary support support that that enables enables wide workers to to move move from from jobs jobs with low low productivity productivity to to jobs jobs with with high high proworkers ductivity," she she said. said. ductivity," In order order to to absorb absorb unemployment unemployment and and eradicate eradicate poverty, poverty, like like itit or or not, not, in In the future future the the govemment government will will have have to to increase increase economic economic growth growth to to atat least least the six percent, percent, or or more. more. The The problem problem therefore therefore isis how how to to achieve achieve this? this? six Finance Minister Minister Sri Sri Mulyani Mulyani isis of of the the opinion opinion that that the the main main choice choice for Finance increasing the the absorption absorption of ofworkers workers isis through through economic economic growth, growth, and and this this increasing has to to be be increased increased through through investment. investment. Because Because ofthis, of this, the the government government has has to to create create an an investment investment climate climate that that isis comfortable comfortable for for economic economic playplayhas

The focus focus by by The Indonesia's lndonesia's United United Cabinet on on Cabinet policies to to policies create job job create opportuniopportunities is is really really ties still relevant. relevant. still ers. "If "Ifthe the investment investment climate climate isis conducive, conducive, then then they they don't don’t need need to to be be ers. invitedby byusing usingvarious various methods," methods," she she said. said. invited Sri Mulyani Mulyani acknowledged acknowledgedthat that economic economicgrouth growth isis usually usuallymotivated motivatedby by Sri fiscal, consumption consumption and and investment investment factors. factors. The The problem problem isis that that economic economic fiscal, growth that that isis activated activatedby by consumption consumption usually usually cannot cannot be be maintained maintained for for growth long period period ofoftime. time. There There are are also also limitations limitations ofofthe the national national government government aa long budget due due to to burdens burdens caused caused by by aa large large amount amount ofdebts of debts and and subsidies. subsidies. budget "From aa fiscal fiscal point point ofofview, view, the the room room to to move move isis limited," limited," she she said. said. "From However, inin the the perspective perspective ofentrepreneurs of entrepreneurs or or academics, academics, this this depends depends However, on the the government government policies policies to to continue continue its its de-bureaucratization de-bureaucratization measures measures on as well well as as revising revising several several regulations regulations relating relating to to manpower. manpower. "The "The regularegulaas tions must must be friendlier to the the business business environment," said Sofian Sofjan tions Wanandi, Chairman Chairman ofofthe the Indonesian Indonesian Employers' Employers’ Association Association (Apindo). (Apindo). Wanandi, Entrepreneurs often often complain complain about about manpower manpower regulations regulations currently currently in in Entrepreneurs force, such such as as Manpower Manpower Ministerial Ministerial Decree Decree r5o/zooo 150/2000 or l,aw Law (UU) (UU) force, 13/2003 regarding regarding Manpower. Manpower. Sofan Sofjan cited cited manpower manpower regulations regulations that that r3/zoo3 created difficulties difficulties for for entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, such such as as the the regulation regulation regarding regarding sevsevcreated erance pay, pay, considered considered to to be be the the highest highest inin Asia. Asia. He He also also complained complained about about erance the size size of of regional regional minimum minimum wages wages (UMR) (UMR) that that entrepreneurs entrepreneurs had had to to the comply with. with. 'The "The last last UMR UMR increase increase was was not not equivalent equivalent to to the the rise rise in in procomply ductivity," he he said. said. ductivity," Rekson Silaban, Silaban, General General Chairman Chairman ofthe of the Confederation Confederation oflndonesian of Indonesian Rekson Prosperity Trade Unions Unions (KSBSI), (KSBSI), does does not disagree with Sofyan. Sofyan. Prosperity According to to him, him, perhaps perhaps itit isis true true that that that that the the Manpower Manpower law law isis slanted slanted According towards workers, workers, however however this this isis not not the the case case in in the the field. field. The The law law isis seemseemtowards ingly more more protective protective towards towards entrepreneurs. entrepreneurs. In In an an open open economic economic market market ingly system, as as well well as as providing providing opportunities opportunities for for investment, investment, manpower manpower regregsystem, ulations must must also also include include protection. protection. 'There "There must must be be certainty certainty in in terms terms of ulations

Challenge of Creating

Challenge

of Creating

NewJob Opportunities

New Job Opportunities

INFO TEMPO INFO TEMPO

DECEMBERS, 2AA7 DECEMBER 3, 2007

"WE'RE IMPLEMENTING A DECENT WORK PROGRAM"

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socialprotection protectionfor forworkers," workers,”hehesaid saidduring duringaaworkworka asocial shopabout aboutsocial socialprotection protectionthat thatwas wasorganized organizedbybyILO, ILO, shop Julythis thisyear. year. ininJuly Thereisisininfact factaasignificant significantpotential potentialtotocreatejob create job There

opportunitiesininthe thesmallsmall-and andmedium-sized medium-sizedenterprisenterprisoppoftunities (SME)sector. sector.I'he Thetotal totalamount amountofofplayers playersininthe theSME SME eses(SME) sectorininIndonesia Indonesiaisisextremely extremelylarge. large.Based Basedonondata data sector fromthe theCentral CentralBureau BureauofofStatistics Statistics(BpS), (BPS),ininthe theyear year Irom 2000the thetotal totalworkers workersabsorbed absorbedbybythe theSME SMEsector sector 2ooo reached7o.4 70.4million millionpeople. people.ByByzoo3, 2003,this thisamount amounthad had reached increasedtoto7979million millionpeople. people.Assuming Assumingthese theseenterenterincreased prises priseswas wastotodevelop, develop,tlen thenrespectil,ely respectivelythe1, theycould could employ additionaltwo twoworkers workerseach; each;thus thusone onecan canimagimagemployadditional inehow howmany manynewjob new jobopportunities opportunitieswould wouldbebecreated. created. ine If thegovernment governmentis iscapable capableofbalancing of balancingthethegrowth growth Ifthe newjob jobopportunities opportunitieswith withincreases increasesininthe thework work ofofnew force,does doesthis thismean meanthat thatmanpolver manpowerproblems problemswill willbebe force, over?Not Notyet. yet.There Thereisisthe thematter matterofofdecent decentworking working over? conditionsthat thatshould shouldhave havebeen beendeveloped developedfrom fromthethe conditions

beginningininparallel parallelwith withthe thecreation creationofofnew newjob job beginning opportunities."Therefore, "Therefore,thethechallenge challengeis isnot.iust not justtoto opportunities. createnewjob new jobopportunities opportunitiesbutbutalso alsodecent decentworking working create

conditions,"said saidAlan AlanBor.rlton, Boulton,ILO ILOJakarta JakartaDirector. Director. conditions," TheInternational InternationalLabour LabourOrganization Organization(ILO) (ILO)proproThe videssuppoft supporttotothetheGovernment GovernmentofofIndonesia Indonesiaininthethe vides formofof technicalcooperation. cooperation.part Partofofthis thisis isthetheproproform technical gramtotosuppoft supportworkers workersreform reformin inorder ordertotocreate createhar_ hargram moniousindustrial industrialrelations relationsand andincrease increaseproductivity. productivity. monious Throughitsitsprograms programsin inIndonesia, Indonesia,thisthisorganization organization Through hasa commitment a commitmenttotosupport supportIndonesia Indonesiain increating creating has jobjob decent opportunities.Decent Decentworking workingconditions conditions decent oppoftunities. have emphasizedin inallall sectors,notjust not just workhave to to bebe emphasized sectors, forfor worktheformal formalproduction productionsectors, sectors,butbutalso alsoin inthethe ersers in in the informal sectors. informal sectors. Measures create job opportunitieswith with decent Measures totocreatejob opportunities decent conditions essential requirement. And it is conditions areare anan essential requirement. And it is notnot sufficient to just reduce open unemployment figures, sufficient tojust reduce open unemplognent figures, also hidden unemployment such experienced butbut also hidden unemployrnent such as as thethe erperienced ofHesti.r ■ ofHesti.

INFO TEMPO1i:l-:;=:\ DECEMBER 3, 2007

The International Labour Organization (ILO) Is a multilateral agency under the United Nations (UN), which specifically handles employment and labour issues. Many people are mistaken by considering ILO as an international union.This is in spite of the fact that in determining its programs and policies, ILO places tripartite elements such as the government, employers' and workers' organizations in equal positions. So what is the role of ILO in Indonesia, especially In terms of mediating manpower problems that continue to arise? How does this organization view Indonesia as a country with the potential wealth that it possess compared to several other counALAN BOULTON tries in Southeast Asia? The Info Tempo team Director of ILO Jakarta interviewed the Director of ILO Jakarta, Alan Boulton, at his office in the Thamrin area of Jakarta, at the beginning of November.Here are some excerpts: So what is ILO currently working on In Indonesia? We are implementing our DecerrtWork Program here in Indonesia.In conducting this, we are coordinating and consulting with the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration,the National Planning and Development Agency (Bappenas),the Indonesian Employers'Association (Apindo) and trade unions.This Decent Work Program has several objectives, covering: prohibiting exploitation in the workplace, including the exploitation of children;migrant and domestic workers; and creating new job opportunity for young people. What else is involved? Then there's the creation of new job opportunities for Indonesian citizens. Part of this is our main program such as what we are doing in regions hit by disaster, such as Aceh and Nias. In addition, we are also implementing programs in other sectors, such as those that are already up and running in Sumatra and Papua.In Papua, we are trying to empower the local government to obtain job opportunities and incomes. How do you view the current situation in Indonesia? Indonesia is a country with an enormous population. Unfortunately, its citizens do not have many job opportunities. In this sort of situation, one cannot just demand employment, new job opportunities also have to be created. In addition, government policies often change meaning that the activities involved also end up changing. What is the main problem for Indonesia compared to other countries, especially in Southeast Asia? In fact, Indonesia used to be an Asian tiger in the economic sector. However, when compared with Singapore,Malaysia and even Thailand, Indonesia is still left behind.This is due to the limited effort made to improve education, training or systems. Due to the circumstances, Indonesian workers do not posses the quality or competitiveness compared to other Asian countries.

CREATING DECENT DECENT WORK

CREATING

WORK

Considering thesituation situationin in Aceh,ILO ILOproposed proposedsixsix areas that had HOW powerless people were, when the tsunami hit on December had that areas Aceh, the Considering HOW powerless peoPle were, when the tsunami hit on December to be focused upon in order to help the victims. This included: emer26, 2004, submergingmost mostparts partsof of Aceh. Many people died, hunemerincluded: This victims. the to help to be focused upon in order Aceh. Many people died, hun26,2oo4,submerging gencyemplolT employment services; jobtraining; training;development developmentofbusinesses of businesses dreds of thousands missing are presumed to have died, infrastruc- gency job nent services; dreds of thousands missing are presumed to have died, infrastrucandmicro microfinance; finance;labour labourbased basedinfrastructure infrastructurerehabilitation; rehabilitation;local local ture was ruined and theeconomy economyasaswell wellasasbusiness businesssectors sectorswere were and and the was ruined tuie economicdevelopment; development;and andpaying payingspecial specialattention attentiontotothetheneeds needsofof paralyzed. economic paralyzed" children.The Thedirection directionwas wasclear, clear,"To"Togetgetpeople peopleback back workasassoon soon The Village of Lambung,Meuraxa MeuraxaDistrict, District,Banda BandaAceh, Aceh,forforexamexam- children. work to to t Th" \'iilag" of Lambung, possible,"said saidAlan AlanBoulton, Boulton,Director Directorofof ILOJakarta. Jakarta. ple, does not have wideroads roadsonly onlynarrow narrowalleys alleysand andvillagers villagerswere were asaspossible," ILO .ple, does not have wide ILOwas wasconcerned, concerned,employment employmentservices serviceswere werethetheinitial initial trapped, unable to escape from the path of the tsunami. "The amount asas ILO AsAs farfar irapped, unable to escape from the path of the tsunami' "The amount strategicstep. step.Post Postdisaster disasterreconstruction, reconstruction,according accordingtotoTauvik Tauvik of victims from ourvillage villagewas wasamong amongthethehighest," highest,"said saidZaidi ZaidiM'M. strategic of victims from our Muhamad,program programofficer officerILO ILOJakarta, Jakarta,was wasimportant importantbecause becauseit it Adan, the Head of Lambung Village. Previously there were 2,000 vil- Muhamad, Adan, the Head of IambungVillage. Previouslythere were z,ooo vilhelped workers become aware that there were jobs jobs available. This lagers, now only 350 remain. This available' were that there helped workers become aware lagers, now only 35o remain. servicebecame becamethethebasis basisofofidentifying identifyingthethedemand demandforforwork workand andskills' skills. -Ho*"r"., However, it’s notjust justthe theloss lossofofrelatives. relatives.For Forthe thevillagers villagersofof service it's not However,this thiswas wasonly onlyananinitial initialstep. step.There Therewere wereallallsorts sortsofof Lambung, as well as the residents of the hundreds to thousands of However, Lambung, as well as the residents ofthe hundreds to thousands of responsestotothe thedisaster. disaster.According AccordingtotoAlan, Alan,the thefurther furthersteps stepsneed needtoto other villages in the SerambiMekah Mekaharea, area,the thetrauma traumainvolved involvedinin responses other villages in the Serambi apprehendedinina along-term long-termbasis. basis.InInthis thiscontext, context,the theprograms programs recovering from the disastershould shouldhave havereally reallybeen beendealt dealtwith withfrom from bebeapprehended recovering from the disaster carriedout outwere wereefforts effortstotocreate createjob jobopportunities. opportunities."Rebuilding "Rebuildingsmall small the very start.. What can they do in order to be able to climb out of carried the very start.. What can they do in order to be able to climb out of businesses,especially especiallyforforwomen," women,"hehesaid. said. this dark hole? businesses, this dark hole? Thesesteps stepswere werecarried carriedout outininorder ordertotohelp helpdisaster disastervictims victimswho who They possess much enthusiasm to start reorganizing their social These They possess much enthusiasm to start reorganizing their social wantedtotostart starta abusiness businessororrestart restarttheir theirbusiness. business.The Theprogram programwas was lives. However, thisisisclearly clearlynot notenough. enough.The Thepeople peopleofofAceh Acehmust must wanted However, this lires. implementedtotoprovide providethem themwith withpractical practicalknowledge knowledgetherefore therefore havejobs jobs in order tocontinue continuetheir theirlives. lives. implemented in order to have themtotoproceed proceedeffectively. effectively.Another Anotherimportant importanteffort effortisis Based on data from April 2005, the International Labour enabling g them Based on data from April zoo5, the International Labour ".rublit throughassisting assistingthem themtotoobtain obtainsufficient sufficientcapital capitalforfortheir theirbusinesses' businesses. Organization (ILO) estimated that the unemployment rate in in through rate the unemployment that Organization (ILO) estimated Theability abilitytotoimmediately immediatelyprovide providejob jobopportunities opportunitiesisisananimporimporAceh rose from 6.8 percent, or 250,000 people, to 30 percent, or The Aceh rose from 6.8 percent, or 25o,ooo people, to 30 percent, or tantlesson lessontotobebelearned learnedfor forregions regionsthat thatare arehithitbybydisaster' disaster.People People around 600,000people. people.Specifically, Specifically,around around13o,ooo 130,000farmers, farmers, tant around 6oo,ooo areunable unabletotorecover recoverifthere if thereisisnonohope hopefor forthem. them.Physical Physicalassistance assistance 300,000 fishermanand andrTo,ooo 170,000owners ownersofofsmall smallbusinesses businessesnono are fisherman 3oo,ooo certainlynecessary necessarybut butpeople peoplealso alsoreally reallyneed needlong-term long-termhope' hope. longer had work. The destruction of the environment made the isiscertainly had work. The destruction of the environment made the Lnger Andthis thishope hopeisistheir theirability abilitytotobebeable abletotoprovide providea aliving livingfor forthemthemconnection between thoseinvolved involvedininproviding providingjobs jobsand andthose thoseinin And those connection between selves.When Wheninfrastructure infrastructurehas hasbeen beenrebuilt rebuiltand andpeople peoplehave havea aguarguarrecovery efforts really apparent from the beginning of recon- selves. recovery efforts really apparent from the beginning of reconanteedfuture futureinintheir theirhands, hands,then thenhope hopegrows. grows. r■ struction in this region. anteed struction in this region.

A GOOD LESSON A

GOOD

FROM FROM

LESSON

ACTT"I

ACEH The destruction destruction The made the the conconmade nection between between nection those involved involved in in those providing jobs jobs providing and those those in in the the and recovery stage stage recovery really apparent apparent really from the the beginbeginfrom ning of of reconreconning struction. structi0n.

INFO TEMPO DECEMBERS, 2007

KERJA SAMA SAMA KERJA TIM INFO INFO TEMPO TEMPO TIM DAN ILO DAN

Mewuiudkan Fekeriaan Lafq Mewujudkan

Pekerjaan

Pekerjaan layak layak ibarat sebuah sebuah mimpi. rnirnpi. Bagaimana Bagaimana tidak. tidak. Jangankan Jangankan layak, layak, jumlah jumlah dari tahun ke tahun tumbuh tumbuh tak sebanding dengan naiknya naiknya tenaga lapangan kerja daritahun kerja, Akibatnya jelas ditebak: angka pengangguran pengangguran yang menggelembung. menggelembung. Yang kerja. Akibatnya mengkhawatirkan, jumlah pengangguran pengangguran terdidik terdidik ikut ikutterus membengkak. terus membengkak. lebih mengkhawatirkan, Saat ini ada sekitar 300 ribu sarjana yang mencari pekerjaan. pekerjaan. sekitar Suplemen ini ingin memotret persoalan melihat persoalan ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, lndonesia, melihat pengangguran. Adakah mengatasinya. Adakah jalan mengatasinya. persoalan-persoalan ikutan akibat pengangguran. Dan, ujungnya, menciptakan menciptakan pekerjaan layak layak bukan lagi mimpi.

MEWUJUDKAN ME\,'v*Ui*DKAN PEKERJAAN PEKIRJAAN LAYAK LAYAK

Pengangguran, peker pekerPengangguran, anak, dan dan minimminimja anak, kesempatan kerja, kerja, nya kesempatan masih menjadi menjadi perpermasih soalan bagi bagi lndonesia. Indonesia. soalan Perlu pendekatan pendekatan menyeluruh untuk untuk menyeluruh mengubah nasib nasib mengubah pekerja lndonesia. Indonesia. pekerja SEPANJANG lima tahun tahun terakhir, terakhir, cerita tentang tentang tenaga tenaga kerja keija di di ANJANG lima Indonesia tetap belum belum menggembirakan. menggembirakan. Meski Meski ada ada indikasi indikasi pertumpertumia tetap buhan ekonomi ekonomi Indonesia Indonesia bergerak bergerak ke ke arah arah yang yang lebih lebih baik, baik, namun namun buhan tidak demikian demikian halnya halnya dengan dengan penciptaan penciptaan lapangan lapangan keria keija dan dan nasib nasib para tenaga kerja keija di di Indonesia. Indonesia. Pengangguran, standar standar upah upah yang yang rendah, rendah, kesejahteraan kesejahteraan yang yang terterabaikan, ketrampilan ketrampilan yang yang minim, minim, dan dan pekerja pekeija bocah, bocah, serta serta nestapa nestapa para parapekerja pekeija migran migran adalah adalah duka dukayang yang masih masih tetap tetap mewarnai mewamaikisah kisahtententang tenaga tenagakerja keija Indonesia Indonesia hingga hinggasaat saatini. ini. Soal Soalpengangguran, pengangguran, misalmisaltang nya, masih masih menjadi menjadi persoalan persoalan yang yang paling paling sulit sulit diselesaikan. diselesaikan. Badan Badan nya, Pusat Statistik Statistik (BPS) (BPS) menyebutkan,jika menyebutkan, jika pada pada zoor 2001 pengangguran pengangguran terterPusat buka masih masih 8,r 8,1 persen, persen, pada pada tahun-tahun tahun-tahun beriLrrtnya berikutnya jumlah jumlah ini ini buka meningkat secara secara signifikan signifikan hingga hingga menjadi menjadi 10,29 10,29 persen persen pada pada tahun tahun meningkat 2005. Dan Dan pada pada zoo6, 2006, angka angka ini ini meningkat meningkat menjadi menjadi rr11persen. persen. zoo5. Pada saat saat yang yang sama, sama, jumlah jumlah angkatan angkatan ke{a keijajuga juga meningkat meningkat pesat pesât Pada denganrata-rata rata-ratapertambahan pertambahan zjuta 2 jutaorang orangper pertahun. tahun.Jika Jikatahun tahun zoor 2001 dengan jumlah jumlah angkatan angkatan kerja keija mencapai mencapai 98,8 98,8 juta juta orang, orang, maka maka pada pada tahun tahun 2005 jumlahnya jumlahnya menjadi menjadi ro5,8 105,8 juta juta orang. orang. Bila Bila angka angka pertambahan pertambahan zoo5 rata-rataini initak takberubah, berubah, maka maka akhir akhirtahun tahun ini, ini, total total angkatan angkatankerja keijadidi rata-rata Indonesiatak takkurang kurangdari dari to9,8 109,8juta jutaorang. orang. Indonesia Persoalannya menjadi menjadi rumit, rumit, karena karena jumlah jumlah lapangan lapangan kerja kerja yang yang Persoalannya tersedia tak tak berkembang berkembang secepat secepat pertumbuhan pertumbuhan angkatan angkatan keria. kerja. tersedia Sehingga lumrah lumrah jika jika angka angka pengangguran pengangguran terbuka terbuka di di Indonesia Indonesia tak tak Sehingga pernah pemahberkurangjumlahnya. berkurang jumlahnya.Total Totalangka angkapengangguran pengangguranterbuka terbukahinghingga ga 2oo5 2005 saja saja mencapai mencapai 1o,9 10,9 persen. persen. Belum Belum lagi lagijika jika ditambah ditambah dengan dengan kenyataan adanya adanya pengangguran pengangguran yang yang setengah setengah terbuka terbuka (bekerja (bekerja kenyataan

kurang dari dari 35jam 35 jam seminggu), seminggu), maka maka total total pengangguran pengangguran di di Indonesia Indonesia kurang jumlahnya sangat sangat mencengangkan, mencengangkan, hampir hampir mencapai mencapai 39 39 persen persen dari dari jumlahnya total angkatan angkatan kerja. keija. Fenomena Fenomena ini ini menjelaskan menjelaskan bahwa bahwa di di Indonesia Indonesia total kini te{adi teijadi apa apa disebut disebut sebagaijobtess sebagai jobless growth growth (pertumbuhan (pertumbuhan pengangpengangkini guran karena karena ketiadaan ketiadaan lapangan lapangan kerja keija baru). baru). Sehingga Sehingga ke ke depan, depan, guran

pemerintah perlu perlu mengembangkan mengemhangkan pendekatan pendekatan baru baru dalam dalam kebijakan kebijakan pemerintah pembangunan ekonomi ekonomi yang yang tidak tidak hanya hanya berorientasi berorientasi pada pada pertumpertumpembangunan buhan ekonomi ekonomi semata, semata, tapi tapijuga juga memungkinkan memungkinkan terciptanya terciptanya lapangan lapangan buhan keija baru. baru. Dengan Dengan begitu, begitu, maka maka angka angka pengangguran pengangguran secara secara bertahap bertahap kerja bisa dikurangi dikurangi dan dan dikendalikan. dikendalikan. bisa Sejauh ini, ini, pemerintah pemerintah telah telah melal
gakerja, keija,ungkapAlan, ungkap Alan,perlu perluditingkatkan ditingkatkansehingga sehinggaakses aksesmereka merekamasuk masuk ga keseLtor sektorformal formalbisa bisamenjadi menj adilebihg lebihgbesar. besar.Selain Selainitu, itu,mereka merekajrrga jugamulai mulai ke diarahkan untuk untukberpikir berpikirbagaimana hagaimanabisa bisa menciptakan menciptakan peluang peluangkerja. keija. diarahkan Sehingga secara secara bertahap, bertahap, ketergantungan ketergantungan terhadap terhadap ketersediaan ketersediaan Sehingga lapangankerja kerjamenjadi menjadiberkurang. berkurang. lapangan

Memanusiakan Pekerja Indonesia Memanusiakan

Pekerja

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Soal lain yang tak kalah pelik adalah tentang masih

pelik adalah tentang masih tak kalah lain yang Soal banyaknya anak-anak yang terpaksa hams menean nafkah.

terpaksa harus mencari nafkah' anak-inak banyaknya Mereka ini berbauryang dengan para pekeija muda —dengan para pekerja muda --dengan dengan ini berbaur Meieka kisaran usia 15 - 29 tahun (berdasarkan definisi PBB) — yang 15 - z9 tahun (berdasarkan definisi PBB) - yang usiaminim kisaran rata-rata ketrampilan dan miskin pengalaman. Dengan dan miskin pengalaman' Dengan rata-rata kondisiminim sepertiketrampilan itu, maka posisi tawar mereka sangat lemah dan posisi tawar mereka sangat lemah dan itu, makaupah seperti menolak kondisi tak mampu yang rendah. upah yang rendah. menolak tak mampu Dari seluruh pekeija anak-anak dan pekeija muda yang ada pekerja anak-anak dan pekerja muda yang ada Oari seluruh saat di Indonesia ini, sudah tentu tak semuanya terserap pasar saat ini, sudah tentu tak semuanya terserap pasar di keija. Indonesia Sebagian besar dari merekajuga juga menganggur.Catatan Catatan menganggur' besar dari mereka kerja. ILO Sebagian menyebutkan, perbandingan antarajumlah jumlahpekerja pekeijaanak anak perbandingan antara tl-6 danmenyebutkan, pekeija muda yang bekeija denganyang yangmenganggur menganggur yang bekerja dengan muda pekerja dan adalah satu berbanding enam (r:6). (1:6). Sehingga Sehingga bisa bisa berbanding satu jika adalah dibayangkan tidak ada enam cara untuk terserapdidipasar pasarkerja, keija, ada cara untuk terserap tidakmunculnya dibayangkanjika bal itu bisa memicu persoalan sosial yang bara. munculnya persoalan sosial yang baru' memicu bisa hal iiu Tentu saja, ada banyak alasan yang mendorongmengapa mengapa Tentu saja, ada banyak alasan yang mendorong

pekeija anak dan pekerja muda melimpah di Indonesia. Alasan yang paling klasik adalah kemiskinan. Banyak orang tua, meski sadar bahwa pendidikan itu penting bagi anak-anak mereka, namun mereka tak punya pilihan kecuali membiarkan anak-anak mereka bekeija membantu ekonomi keluarga. ekonomi keluarga. membantu perbuman erja Ironisnya, mencapai keija ini, tidak hanya dilakukan mencapai kerja ini, tidak hanya dilakukan perburuan Ironisnya, anak-anak di dalam negeri, tapi juga hingga ke luar negeri atau mentapijuga hingga ke luar negeri atau mendi dalam anak-anak jadi pekeija migran.negeri, Tak jarang, untuk bisa mendapatkan pekeijaan jadi migran. Takjarang, untuk bisa mendapatkan pekerjaan di pekerja luar negeri itu, mereka rela mengeluarkandana danapribadi pribadiuntuk untuk rela mengeluarkan negeri itu, mereka t*r memalsukan ii haras data diri. Merekajuga jugatak takpeduli pedulidengan dengankenykenydata diri. Mereka harus ataanmemalsukan bahwa banyak di antara pekeija migranyang yanghidupnya hidupnyamalah malah antara pekerja migran banyak didan bahwa ataan menjadi berantakan teraniaya di negeri orang, atau bahkan terdan teraniaya di negeri orang, atau bahkan terberantakan menjadi jangkit virus HIV/AIDS. jangkit virus HIV/AIDS. yang lain, kenyataan bahwajumlah jumlahtenaga tenagakerja keijadidiIndonesia Indonesia " Di sisiyang lain, kenyataan 6i sisi jauh lebih banyak ketimbangbahwa kesempatan kerjayang yangada, ada,membuat membuat jauh lebil banyak ketimbang kesempatan kerja posisi tawar mereka menjadi sangat lemah.Mereka Merekatak takbisa bisamenolak, menolak, mereka menjadi sangat lemah' iosisi meskitawar dibayar dengan upah rendah. Dengan katalain, lain,meski meskibekerja, bekeija, meski dibayar dengan upah rendah. Dengan kata

merekatetap tetaptak takmampu mampumembuat membuathidup hidupmereka merekamenjadi menjadilayak' layak. mereka Bahkan bila mereka bekeija di luar negeri. Karena faktanya, meski Bahkan bila mereka bekerja di luar negeri' Karena falrtanya, meski upah yang mereka dapatkan di luar negeri lebih baik, tapi mereka juga upah yang mereka dapatkan di luar negerilebih baik, tapi merekajuga haras membayarbiaya biayayang yangtak taksedikit. sedikit.Termasuk Termasukmembayar membayarupeti upeti harus membayar bagi para oknum agar mereka tetap aman dalam menjalankanpekerpekerbagi para oknum agar mereka tetap aman dalam menjalankan jaanya.Singkatnya Singkatnyahidup hidupmereka merekatetap tetaptidak tidaksecure securesebagai sebagaipekerja' pekeija. juu"Vu. Daninilah inilahsalah salahsatu satupersoalan persoalanpaling palingmendasar mendasardalam dalamketenagakerketenagakerban

jaandidiIndonesia Indonesiasaat saatini. ini. jaan Persoalan lain yang juga masihmengganjal mengganjaldalam dalammasalah masalahketenaketenajuga masih yang Persoalan lain gakeijaandidiIndonesia Indonesiaadalah adalahmasih masihbelum belummulusnya mulusnyahubungan hubunganindusindusgakerjaan trial antara pekeija dan perusahaan. Meski saat ini terlihat ada beberaada beberaini terlihat saat Meski irial antara peke4a dan perusahaan. perabahan,seperti sepertimakin makinterbukanya terbukanyakesempatan kesempatanuntuk untukmembenmembenpapaperubahan, tukserikat serikatpekerja pekeijadan dandigutirkannya digulirkannyaupaya upayapembenahan pembenahanatau ataureforrefortuk masi hukum ketenagakeijaan, namun hal itu umumnya hanya terbatas terbatas hanya itu umumnya hal namun masi hukum ketenagakerjaan, ataskertas. kertas.DiDitingkat tingkatimplementasi, implementasi,hampir hampirtidak tidakpemah pemahterjadi' terjadi. didiatas Bukti itu bisa dilihat dari masih banyaknya persoalan menyangkut menyangkut persoalan Bulti itu bisa dilihat dari masih banyaknya penegakanhukum hukumdan danpenguatan penguatanadministrasi administrasiperbun-rhan perburuhan penegakan

sepertip"t pengawas ketenagakeijaan,penyelesaian penyelesaianperselisihan perselisihan gu*ut ketenagakerjaan, i"p".ti industrial, kondisi, syarat dan pelayanan keija. kerja. pelayanan dan industrial, kondisi, syarat Pengangguran di Indonesia (20002005) Jikasaja sajapersoalan persoalan hubungan hubunganindustrial industrialini inibisa bisasegera segera Jika dibenahi, maka hasilnya akan jauh lebih produktif. Pekeija (*juta jiwa) jauh Pekerja produktif' Iebih dibenahi, maka hasilnya akan akanmerasa merasaaman amandan dandengan dengansendiri sendiriakan akanmenjaga menjagakelangkelangakan sunganhidup hiduppemsahaan perasahaanyang yangpada pada akhirnya akhirnyaperusahaan perasahaan sungan Tahun Angkatan Angkatan Lapangan Kerja Pengangguran tentuakan akanlebih lebihdiuntungkan. diuntungkan. Ini Inisudah sudahtentu tentuakan akanmemmemtentu terbuka kerja baru* baru (juta) berikanpeluang peluangyang yanglebih lebihbesar besarbagi bagimasuknya masuknyainvestasi investasididi berikan Indonesia. 95,65 Indonesia. Sejauhini, ini,pemerintah, pemerintah, organisasi organisasipekerja pekeijadan danpengusaha pengusaha Sejauh 98,81 di Indonesia, Indonesia, bukan bukan tidak tidak berupaya berapaya untuk untuk mengatasi mengatasi perperdi 100,78 soalan yang ada. Namun, semua itu tentu tidak semudah semudah tidak itu tentu soalan yang ada. Namun, semua 100,32 membalik telapak telapak tangan. tangan. Ada Ada banyak banyak lubang lubang yang yang masih masih membalik haras ditambal, ditambal, terutama teratama berkaitan berkaitan dengan dengan regulasi regulasi yang yang 102,02 harus memungkinkan para tenaga kerja mendapatkan "rasa aman" "rasa aman" mendapatkan kerja para tenaga memungkinkan 105,8 dalam menjalankan menjalankan pekerjaannya, pekeijaannya, seperti seperti upah upah yang yang layak, layak, dalam SumbenBPS jaminan kesehatan, kesehatan, dan dan kesemPatan kesempatan jaminan untuk memperbaiki memperbaiki kualitas kualitas hidup hidup dari dari untuk pendapatan yang yang diterimanya. diterimanya. Untuk Untuk pendapatan Pertumbuhan GDP di Indonesia (20002005) mewujudkan ini, ini, sudah sudah tentu tentu pemerinpemerinmewujudkan tah harus haras mampu mampu men)'usun menyusun sebuah sebuah tah kebijakan yang lebih komprehensif dan dan yang komprehensif lebih kebijakan mendasar, sehingga tenaga keija bukan bukan kerja tenaga sehingga mendasar, 1.750.656,1 1.846.654,9 1.577.171,3 1.656.516,8 lagi akan akan menjadi menjadi beban, beban, taPi tapi justru justra lagi 1.605.247,6 1.703.086,0 GDPTANPA MINYAK&GAS 1.421.474,8 1.506.296,6 menjadi kekuatan. ■ meniadi kekuatan.

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MEWUJUDKAN MEWUJUDKAI\ PEKERJAAN PEKERJAAN LAYAK LAYAK

TKl, sebagian wajah Buram Kita Sebagian Wajah

Buram

Kita

Perlindungan hukum bagi Perlindungan hukum bagi TKI masih lemah. Mereka TKI masih lemah. Mereka juga berpotensi menjadi juga berpotensi menjadi korban perdagangan korban perdagangan manusia manusia

Irsan, menambahkan, BNP2TKI menjalankan

Irsan, menambahkan, BNpzTKI TKI. menjalankan program optimalisasi pendapatan Lembaga TIC. lcmbaga ini giat optimalisasi mendorong pendapatan perbankan Indonesia lebih lrogram giat mendorong ini perbankan Indonesia lebih berperan di negara-negara tempat TKI berada.

berperan negara-negara Dengan di skema pengaturantempat setoranTKI gajiberada. 30:70. Dengan skema pengahuan setoran gaji 3o:7o.ke Maksudnya, 30 persen penghasilan disetor Maksudnya, penghasilan 30 persen ke rekening pekeija di negara tempatnya disetor bekeija dan rekening peke{a di negara tempatnya bekerja dan 70 persen ditransfer ke rekening pekeija di

persen ditransfer ke rekening pekerja di 70 Indonesia. Dengan begitu, "Saat kontrak keija Indonesia. Dengan begitu, "Saat kontrak kerja habis, pekeija dapat menikmati hasil jerih payahhabis, peke{a dapat menikrnati hasil jerih payahnya selama bekeija di luar negeri," katanya.

-*.

nya selama bekeq'a di luar negeri," katanya. Pemerintah tak sendirian. Banyak pihak ikut Pemerintah tak sendirian. Banyrak pihak ikut memperhatikan pekeija migran. Sebut saja Serikat memperhatikan peke$a migran. Sebut saja Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia (SBMI). Menurut ketuanya, Bunrh Migran Indonesia (SBMI). Memrrut ketuanla, Moh. Miftah Farid, SBMI hersama ILO telah memMoh. Miftah Farid SBMI bersama ILO telah mem_ berikan pendidikan bagi pekeija migran pasca berakhimya kontrak. Pelatihan berikanpendidikan bagi peke{a migran pelatihan termasuk bagi keluarganya untuk memulai usaha dengan kont"ak perhitungan jangka termasuk bagi keluarganya unh,rk memnlai usaha dengan perhitungan jangl
HUBUNGANIndonesia-Malaysia Indonesia-Malaysiasenantiasa senantiasafunm turunnaik naik.DDiantara antaraderetan deretan pasca fluktuasijJli,penyebab penyebabpaling palingsering seringadalah adalahpersoalan persoalanpekerja pekeijamigran migranIndonesia. Indonesia. TerakhiiHhunyanaik naikahbat akibatalai aksipasukan pasukanREI,A RELAmerazia meraziatenaga tenagake{a keijarepublik republik ini di negeriitu,itu,pertengahan pertengahanOktoberlalu. Oktober lain.Sebelumnya, Sebelumnya,awal awalzooT 2007,ribuan ribuanpeker_ pekerja ilegal asalIndonesia Indonesia jugadipulangkan dipulangkanpaksa paksadari dariMalaysia. Malaysia. jlga Begitipiii,ribuan ribuanlagilag!orang orangtetap tetapantri antrijadi jaditenaga tenagake4'a keijaIndonesia Indonesia(TI{). (TKI). meningkatkan PenyebaHya,tentu, tentu,karena karenasempitnya sempitnyalapangan lapanganke{a keijadidisini. sini.Organisasi Organisasi penempatan TKI. Dari 600 ribu menjadi 750 ribu orang per tahun. Pada penempatan TIC. Dari 6oo ribu menjadi pada ribuTKI orang per PerburunanIntemasional Intemasional(Il,Glntemational (ILO-Intemationallabour Labour Organization) mencatat, 7So tahun. negara. 2009 diharapkan bisa ditempatkan 3,9 juta di sejumlah Organization) mencatat, diharapkan bisa ditempatkan 3,9 juta nO di sejurnlah negara. tahunterakhir terakhirIndonesia Indonesiamenjadi menjadieksportir eksportirpekerji pekeijamigran migranterbesar terbesardi di zoog ro10tah,n Ujungnya, diharapkan ada peningkatan remitansi atau uang yang dikirim diharapkan ada peningkatan remitansi atau uang dunia.Berdasar Berdasar dataDepartemen Departemen TenagaKe{a, Keija, padaakhir akhir 2006 ada sekitar Ujungnya, dikirim dunia. TKI dari sekitar Rp 35 triliun per tahun saat ini menjadi Rp 186 langtriliun. data Tenaga zoo6 ada sekitar fada TKI dari sekitar Rp 35 triliun per tahun saat ini menjadi Rp rg6 triliun. 2,7 juta TKI yang berdokumen bekeija di luar negeri. Jika ditambah yang 2,7 juta TKI yang berdokumen beke{a di luar negeri. Jika Miftah berpendapat, jika target itu ingin dicapai, hams dijalin koordinasi ditambah yang Miftah berpendapat, jika target itu ingin dicapai, harus dijalin koordinasi masuk dan bekeija negeri lain tanpa dokumen lengkap, jumlahnya bisa naik yang dan beke{a baik antara Depdagri, Deplu, Depnakertrans, serta Departemen di di negeri lain tanpa dokumen lengkap,junlahn}a bisa naii lnas$ Uai]< antara Depdagri, Deplu, Depnakertrans, serta Departemen y1n-S dua lipat. dua kalikali lipat. Hukum dan HAM, dalam hal ini Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi. "Koordinasi dan [IAM, dalam hal ini Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi. "Koordinasi Sayangnya,dari dariangka angka jutaan sebagian besar mereka bekeija sebagai Hukum Sayangnya, jutaan antarinstansi saat ini masih buruk," katanya. itu,itu, sebagian besar mereka beke{a sebagai saat ini masih bumk,,, katanya. pekeija rumahtangga tanggayang yangposisi posisiperlindungan perlindunganhukumnya hukumnyamasih masihlemah. lemah. antarinstansi peherja rumah Migrasi bagi pekeija memang sudah menjadi masalah global yang juga Migrasi bagi pekerja memang sudah menjadi masalah global yang juga Hingga kini baru Hongkong yang memiliki kepedulian melindungi hak-hak menjadi Hingga kini bam prioritas ILO di Indonesia. Karenanya, dalam pelaksanaan program Hongkong yang memiliki melindungi hak_hak prioritas ILO di Indonesia. Karenanla, dalam pelaksanaan p.;;; pekeija migran, seperti jam keija, upah standar, cutí, dan syarat keija lainnya. menjadi peke{a migran, dan kegiatan, ILO menitikberatkan penyusunan manajemen migrasi perbusepertijam kerja, upah standar, cuti, dan syarat keta hinnya. kegiatan, Il,O menitikberatkan penlusunan manajemen migrasi perbu_ luar jangankanstandar standar ketjalayalq layak,bahkan bahkanhak_hak hak-hak dasar pun danruhan jangankan DiDi luar itu,itu, yang efektif yang dipandu dengan standar-standar HAM, penyederkeda p,r., irr* yang efektifyang dipandu dengan standar-standar HAM, penyeder_ kadangdilanggar. dilanggar.Data Dataperhimpunan PerhimpunanIndonesia Indonesiauntuk untukBuruh BuruhMigran Migran 1fian kadang hanaanprosedur prosedur administrasi migrasi, melibatkan paitisipasi organisasi administrasi migrasi, melibatkan partisipasi organisasi Berdaulat (Migrant Care) menyebutkan, 45 TKI tewas di luar negeri antara hanaan Berdaulat (Migrant pengusaha dan pekeija dalam penyebaran informasi yang benar bagi pekerCare) menyebutkan,45 TKI tewas di luar negeri aniara pengusaha dan peke4'a dalam penyebaran informasi yang benarmigrasi bad peke._ Januari dan April 2007; 60 lainnya ditahan dipenjara di negeri orang, di Januari dan April zooT;6o lainnya ditahan dipenjara di negeri orang, ja migran, serta mendorong keijasama internasional tentang perbudi ja migran, serta mendorong kerjasama internasional ientang migrasi perbusamping ratusan ribu yang dideportasi. samping ratusan yang ruhan. Misalnya, keijasama di lingkup ASEAN yang melibatkan negararibu dideportasi. Misalnya, ke4'asama di lingkup ASEAN yang melibaGn negara_ PemerintahIndonesia Indonesiasebenamya sebenarnyatelah telah berupayamenangani menanganipekerja pekeija ruhan. Pemerintah negara pengirim dan penerima. berupaya negara pengirim dan penerima. migran. Direktur Perlindungan Warga Negara Indonesia dan Badan Hukum mig.an. Direktur Perlindungan "Singkatnya, berbagai upaya hams ditempuh untuk memberantas perdaWarga Negara Indonesia dan Badan Uukum "Singkatnya, berbagai upaya harus ditempuh untuk memberantas perda_ Indonesia Deplu, Teguh Wardoyo, mengatakan, pemerintah telah melun- gangan manusia dalam proses migrasi, yang mencakup kebutuhan Indonesia Deplu, untuk Teguh Wardoyo, mengatakan, pemerintah telah melun_ gangan manusia dalam proses migrasi, yang mencakup kebutuhan curkan Sistem Pelayanan Warga (Citizen Service). Ini amanah UU dan unfuk curkan Sistem Pelayanan menggalakkan sistem migrasi antamegara yang resmi, membuat sistem (Citizen Warga Serviee). Ini amanah UU dan menggalakkan migrasi antamegara yarrg .er-i, membuat sistem Inpres 6/2006 mengenai sistem reformasi pelayanan dan perlindungan menjadi lebihsistem Inpres 6/zoo6 mengenai murah, cepat dan menarik dibandingkan dengan cara-cara sistem reformasi pelayanan perlindungan dan mgljadi lebih murah, cepat dan menarik dibandingkan dengan cara_cara warga negara, termasuk TKI. warga negara, tidak resmi," ujar Albert Y. Bonasahat, Koordinator Program Perlindungan termasuk TKI. y. tidak resmi," ujar Albert Bonasahat, Koordinator program ierlindungan Sejak Maret 2007, berdasarkan UU 39/2004 tentang Penempatan dan Pekeija Sejak Maret zoo7, Migran ILO Jakarta. berdasarkanrJlJ 3g/zoo4 tentang penempatan dan Migran ILO Jakarta. Perlindungan pemerintah membentuk Badan Nasional Penempatan Peke{a Perlindungan pemerintah Sejumlah persoalan dan jalan yang diretas untuk memperbaiki nasib TKI TI{,TKI, membenhrk Badan Nasiona-l penempatan Sejurnlah persoalan dan jalan yang dirctas unhrk memperbaiki nasib dan Perlindungan Tenaga Keija Indonesia (BNP2TKI). ,'Salah "Salah satu tugas TIC dan Perlindungan Tenaga Ke{a Indonesia (BNpzTIC). memang belum sepenuhnya menggambarkan peta ketenagakerjaan satu Lgas memang belum sepenuhnya menggambarkan peta ketenagakedaan kami memastikan bekeija nyaman dan aman," kata Ketua BNP2TKI, kami memastikan TICTKI Indonesia. Kemiskinan sebagai salah satu akar soal ketenagakeijaan haras bekerja nyaman dan aman," kata Ketua BNpzfKI, Indonesia. Kemiskinan sebagai salah satu akar soal ketenagake{r* Jumhur Hidayat, di Jakarta. fr"r"" Jumhur Hidayat, ditangani secara berkelanjutan. Tanpa itu, bekeija di luar negeri, berdokumen di Jakarta. secara berkelanjutan. Tanpa itu, beke{a di luar negeri, berdokumen Atase Tenaga Keija Indonesia di Abu Dhabi, Emirat Arab, Hengki ditangani Atase Tenaga Kerja atautanpa dokumen, akan jadi pilihan pamungkas pencari keija. ■ Indonesia di Abu Dhabi, UniUni Emirat Arab, Hengki atautanpa dokumen, akanjadi pitihan pamungkas pencari kerja.

INFOTEMPO NOVEMBER 2007 INFO TEMPO 26 26 NOVEI\4BER 2OO7

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MENGEMBALIKAN

MENGEMBALIKAN

ANAK.ANAK

ANAK-ANAK

KE DUNIANYA DUNIANYA KH KE JAKARTA. Begitulah keputusan yang diambil Seno, sebut saja beKE JAKARTA Begitulah keputusan yang diambil Seno, sebut saja begitu namanya, manakala manakaladitawari ditawaritemannya temannyaunhrkbekerja untuk bekeijasebagai sebagaiofEoffice boy diJalarta, Jakarta,tiga tigatahun tahunsilam. silam. di Seno tak bisamenampiktawaran menampik tawaranitu. itu.Ialamemangbuhrh memang butuhpekerjaan. pekerjaan.laLatakbisa gipula diIGmpungnya KampungnyadidiBanyumas, Banyumas,anakkedua anakkeduadari dantigabersaudara tiga bersaudaraini ini di hanya menganggursetelah setelahtak takbisa bisamelanjutkan melanjutkansekolah sekolahkekeSMA SMA.OrangOrang-

tuanjfejianya seorang seorang bumh bumh tani, tard, sehingga sehingga tidak tidak mungkin mungkin mampu mampu membîSÿaipendidikkannya pendidikkannyadidiSMA SMA.Maka Makajadilah jadilahSeno Senoseperti sepertisekarang, sekarang, membl$ai bekeija sebagai office boy dengan gaji total Rp 500 ribu sebulan, jauh dabekerja sebagai ofEce boy dengan gaji total Rp 5oo ribu sebulan, jauh darf upah minimum provinsi ri upah minimum provinsi Cukup? Sudah tentu tidak. "Uang itu hanya cukup untuk hidup sehaC\rl
INFO TEMPO 26 26 NOVEMB=R NOVEMBER 2OO7 2007

INFO TEMFO

*=*i $lF-

Mli

Jumlahpekeria pekerjaanak anakdidi Jumlah Indonesiamasih masihsangat sangattingtinglndonesia gi.Mungkinkah Mungkinkahmereka merekabsia bsia gi. mengecapdunianya dunianyakemkemmengecap bali? bali?

punyaketrampilan, ketrampilan,mereka merekatidak tidakpunya punyaposisi posisitawar," tawar,"kata kataArum' Arum. punya RisetILO ILOtahun tahunlalu, lalu,juga jugamenyebutkan menyebutkanbahwa bahwaketidaksanggupan ketidaksanggupanmemeRiset lanjutkanpendidikan pendidikan-karena -karenabiaya biayayang yangmahalmahal—menjadi menjadialasan alasanyang yang lanjutkan palingdominan dominanmengapa mengapamereka merekabekerja. bekeija.Bahkan Bahkan3333persen persenresponden responden paling yang di survei, mengaku sudah bekeija jauh sebelum mereka meninggaljauh meninggalmereka sebelum yang di survei, mengaku sudahbeke{a kanbangku bangkusekolah sekolahlanjutan lanjutanpertama. pertama. kan Sudahtentu tentudalam dalamusia usiayang yangmasih masihbelia beliadan dantanpa tanpaketrampilan ketrampilanyang yang Sudah jenis memadai, mereka tak punya kesempatan untuk memilih jenis pekeijaan pekerjaan memilih untuk punya kesempatan tak mereka memadai,

yangpantas pantasdan danlayakbagi layak bagimereka. mereka. yang Tauvik Muhamad, Programme OfficerItO ILOJakarta Jakartapun punmenambahmenambahTauvik Muhamad, Programme Officer kanmemang memangkemiskinan kemiskinanyang yangmenjadi menjadialasan alasanutama utamayang yangmendorong mendorong kan mengapabegitu begitubesar besarjumlah jumlahpekerja pekeijaanak anakdidi Indonesia. Indonesia. "Karenanya "Karenanya mengapa penting untuk memastikan para orangtua bisa memperoleh pekeijaan pekerjaan memperoleh pam bisa orangtua penting unhrk memastikan danpenghidupan penghidupanyang yangmemadai memadaiuntuk untukmenghentikan menghentikanperlibatan perlibatananakanakdan anak bekeija berdalih mendukung ekonomi keluarga." keluarga." anak beke{a berdalih mendulomg ekonomi Sejauhini, ini,pemerintah pemerintahcukup cukuptanggap tanggapdengan denganpersoalan persoalanpekerja pekeijaanak anak Sejauh ini.Melalui Melaluirencana rencanaaksi aksiyang yangdicanangkan dicanangkantahun tahunzooz 2002lalu, lalu,pemerintah pemerintah ini. kinihampir hampirrampung rampungmemetakan memetakansebaran sebaranpekerja pekeijaanak anakdidisemua semuaseltor sektor kini ekonomi didi Indonesia. Indonesia. Data Data yang yang hingga hingga kini kini terekam, terekam, menunjukkan menunjukkan ekonomi

bahwasebaran sebaranpekerja pekeijaanak anakterbesar terbesarada adadidisektor sektorpertanian pertanianyalcri yaknimenmenbahwa (r7 capai 55,6 persen dan sisanya di sektor industri perdagangan dan jasa (17 danjasa perdagangan industri di sektor persen sisanya dan capai 55,6 persen) dan dan didi sektor sektor industri industri pengolahan pengolahan (B,zz (13,22 persen). persen). Dari Darijunrlah jumlah persen) itu,ditenggarai ditenggaraibanyak banyakanakberusia anak berusiaro10--r414tahun tahunterlibat terlibatdalam dalampekerpekeritu, jaanyang yangterkait terkaitdengan denganpelacuran pelacurandan danperdagangan perdagangannarkoba, narkoba,yang yangterterjaan masukbentuk-bentuk bentuk-bentukterburuk terburukpekerja pekeijaanak. anak. masuk

Meski diakui diakui bahwa bahwa praktek praktek eksploitasi eksploitasi dengan dengan memperkerjakan memperkeijakan Mesh

anak-anakmasih masihterjadi, terjadi, namun namunjumlah jumlahmereka merekamakin makintahun tahunterus tenismemeanak-anak nurun. Hal ini sejalan dengan program terkait waktu (time bound prog(time progbound waktu program terkait nurun. Hal ini sejalan dengan ramme)yang yangdicanangkan dicanangkanIl,O ILOsebagai sebagaibentuk bentukdukungan dukunganterhadap terhadapprogprogramme) ram pemerintah. pemerintah. Pemerintah Pemerintah sendiri sendiri mencanangkan mencanangkan upaya upaya penghapuspenghapusram an pekerja pekerja anak anak ini ini tuntas tuntas pada pada tahun tahun zozz. 2022. Dan Dan sejauh sejauh ini, ini, upaya upaya itu itu an

menunjukkan yang yang menggembirakan. menggembirakan. menunjukkan Hingga tahun 2006 lalu, Depnakertrans Depnakertrans mencatat mencatat laju laju penurunan penurunan Hingga tahun zoo6 lalu, angka pekerja pekeija anak anak mencapai mencapai 13 13 pe6en. persen. Dari Dari total total 44 juta juta pekerja pekeija anak anak angka pada tahun tahun zooz, 2002, hingga hingga tahun tahun zoo6 2006 lalu, lalu,jumlah jumlah menurun menurun menjadi menjadi 2,8 2,8 pada juta anak. anak. Jika Jika kondisi kondisitenrs ternsbisa bisa seperti seperti ini, ini, maka makabukan bukan tak tak mungkin mungkinkekejuta inginan unhrk untuk menghapuskan menghapuskan pekerja pekeija anak anak pada pada tahun tahun zozz 2022 bisa bisa tercatercainginan pai. Dan, Dan, anak-anak anak-anak pun pun bisa bisa kembali kembali ke ke dunianya dunianya -- dunia dunia bermain bermain dan dan pai. bersekolah. Semoga. Semoga. bersekolah.

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HES'üj Putri Putri kapok kapok membuat membuat lamaran lamaran ke{a. keija. Ada Ada ratusan ratusan aplikasi aplikasi HE[ kerja cdMrimnya ke ke berbagai berbagai penrsahaan. perusahaan. Hasilnya: Hasilnya: nihil. nihil. Ia la tetap tetap tak tak kerja lmnya masuk Iprbong lapangan lapangan kerja. kerja. Perempuan Perempuan berusia berusia zg 29 tahun tahun ini ini bukan bukan masuk jenis orang yang yang gampang gampang dipatahkan dipatahkan semangatiya. semangatnya. Tak Tak puas puas dengan dengan kualifil|¡iinya sebagai sebagai sarjana sarjana manajemen manajemen dari dan perguruan perguman tinggi tinggi negeri negeri di Yogyakarta,, iaia mencoba mencoba meluaskan meluaskan daya daya tawarnya. tawamya. Ia la ambil ambil kuliah kuliah

Fokus kebikebiFokus jakan penpenjakan

ciptaan ciptaan magist$j|rnanajemen. Hasilnya? Nasib belum memihak pada dirinya. "Saya sekarang baru memulai mencoba membuat pemik-pemik alat rukesempatan kesempatan mahtangga tanggadari dankain," kain,"katanya. katanya. mah kerja Kabinet Kabinet Hestihanya hanyasatu satudari dartjutaan jutaantenaga tenagakerja keijayang yangtidak tidakterserap terseraplapang_ lapangHesti kerja an kerja keija formal. formal. Berdasarkan Berdasarkan data data Departemen Departemen Tenaga Tenaga ie4a Keija aan dan an Indonesia lndonesia Transmigras!,jumlah jumlah orang orangyang yangsama sama sekali sekali tidak tidakbekerja bekerjaten:s ternsber_ berTransmigrasi, tambah. Jika pada akhir 2005 ada sekitar 10,3 juta penganggur terbuka. tambah. Jika pada akhir zoo5 ada sekitar ro,3juta penganggur terbuka. Bersatu Bersatu AkhirzooT 2007ini inidiperkirakan diperkirakanangkanya angkanyamenembus menembusrr,5 11,5jutajiwa. juta jiwa.Diban_ DibanAkhir sesungguhdingtingkat tingkatpengangguran pengangguranpada padaawal awalera erazooo-an, 2000-an,tingkat tingkatpenganggurpenganggurding sesungguhantahun tahunini inisudah sudahnaiklebih naik lebihdari dartrzo 120persen. persen. an nya tetap tetap Persoalanketenagakerjaan ketenagakeijaantak taksemata semataterletak terletakpada padatingginya tingginyatingkat tingkat nya Persoalan pengangguran terbuka, namun juga banyaknya angka setengah pengpengangguran terbuka, namunjuga banyalinya angka setengah peng_ relevan. relevan. angguran.Ini Inididefinisikan didefinisikansebagai sebagaiorang orangyang yangbekerja bekeijatak takpenuh penuh(ku_ (kuangguran. rangdari dart3535jam) jam)dan danmasih masihbersedia bersediamenerima menerimapekerjaan pekerjaantambahan. tambaban. rang Jugaorang orangyang yangbekerja bekeijapenuh penuhtetapi tetapimemperoleh memperolehpendapatan pendapatan yangsa_ saJuga lang danini inimesti mestidipompa dipompalewat lewat investasi. Karena itu pemerintah mesti ngatrendah, rendah,dan danorang orangyang yangbekerja bekeijanamunjenis namun jenispekerjaannya pekeijaannyatidak tidak dan ngat investasi. Karena pemerintah menciptakaniHim ikliminvestasi investasiyang yang nyaman untukitu pelaku ekonomi.mesti sesuai jenispendidikannya pendidikannya(BpS, (BPS,zoor). 2001).Dan, Dan,saat saatiniiniterdapat terdapatlebih lebihda_ da- menciptakan sesuaijenis nyaman unhrk pelaku ekonomi. SriMulyani Mulyanimengakui, mengakui,pertumbuhan pertumbuhan ekonomi biasanya digerakkan 30persen persenangkatan angkatankerja keijamuda mudasetengah setengahmenganggur. menganggur.Mereka Merekaini ini rirt3o Sri ekonomi biasanya digerakkan olehfiskal, fiskal,konsumsi, konsumsi,dan daninvestasi. investasi. Masalahnya, pertumbuhan yang diumumnyalebih lebihterserap terserapoleh olehsektor sektorinformal. informal. umumnya oleh Masalahnya, pertumbuhan yang digerakkan oleh konsumsi biasanya tak akan bertahan lama. Sedangkan Selama lima tahun terakhir, pertumbuhan ekonomi memang meSelama Iima tahun teraktrir, pertumbuhan ekonomi memang megerakkan oleh konsumsi biasanya tak akan bertahan Iama. Sedangkan bilamengandalkan mengandalkananggaran, anggaran, ia melihat saat ini anggaran pemerintah ningkat,bahkan bahkanmelampaui melampauilima limapersen persenpada padazoo4 2004dan danzoo5. 2005.Namun, Namun, bila ningkat, ia melihat saat ini anggaran pemerintah masihdibebani dibebaniutang utangdan dan subsidiyang yangjumlahnya jumlahnya cukup besar. "Ruang takdiikuti diikutipenyerapan penyerapankesempatan kesempatankerja keijayang yangsepadan. sepadan.Nilai Nilaielasti_ elasti- masih iniinitak subsidi cukup besar. "Ruang gerakfiskal fiskalterbatas," terbatas,"katanya. katanya. sitaskesempatan kesempatankerja keijadidiIndonesia Indonesiasangat sangatrendah, rendah,bahkan bahkanbemilai bemilainené- gerak sitas Namun,unhrk untukmendorong mendorong investasi, di mata para pengusaha atau gatifr:ntuk untuksektor sektorindustri. industri.Kemampuan Kemampuansektor sektoriniinimembuka membukakesempatkesempatgatif Namun, investasi, di mata para akademisi,hal halyang yangmendesak mendesak dilakukan pemerintah pengusaha adalah ternsatau mekerjakian kianturun, turun,sementara sementarasektor sektorpertanian pertaniandan dansektorjasa sektor jasadibeba_ dibeba- akademisi, anankerja dilakukan pemerintah adalah tenrs melakukan debirokrasi serta meninjau kembali sejumlah peraturan tentugaspenyerapan penyerapankesempatan kesempatankerja. keija. ninitugas lakukan debirokrasi serta meninjau kembali sejurnlah peraturan ten_ tangketenagakerjaan. ketenagakerjaan."Hanrs "Harus dibuat peraturan yang lebih bersahabat Melihatgambaran gambaranini, ini,Guru GuruBesar BesarFakultas FakultasEkonomi EkonomiUniversitas Universitas tang Melihat dibuat peraturan yang leUih bersahabat terhadapdunia duniausaha," usaha,"kata kataKetuaAsosiasi Ketua Asosiasipengusaha Pengusaha Indonesia (ApinPadjadjaran,Armida ArmidaS.S.Alisjahbana, Alisjahbana,menilai, menilai,fokus fokuskebijakan kebijakanpenciptapencipta- terhadap Padjadjaran, Indonesia (Apindo)Sofan SofjanWanandi. Wanandi. kesempatankerja keijaKabinet KabinetIndonesia IndonesiaBersatu Bersatusesungguhnya sesungguhnyatetap tetapre-re- do) anan kesempatan Peraturanketenagakerjaan ketenagakeijaanyang yang berlaku saat ini, seperti Keputusan levan,walaupun walaupundalam dalamtiga tigatahun tahunpertama pertamapemerintahan pemerintahanpresiden PresidenSuSulevan, Peraturan berlaku saat ini, sepefti Keputusan MenteriTenaga TenagaKerja KeijaNomor Nomor 150/2000 atau UU Ketenagakeijaan NosiloBambang BambangYudhoyono, Yudhoyono,belum belummenunjukkan memmjukkanhasil hasilmenggembirakan. menggembirakan. Menteri silo r5o/zooo atau [fU Ketenagakerjaan No_ mor 13/2003,kerap kerapdikeluhkan dikeluhkanpengtuaha. pengusaha. Sofjan memberi contoh MenurutArmida, Armida,tantangan tantanganbagi bagipemerintah pemerintahdidibidang bidangketenagaker_ ketenagaker- mor Menurut 6/zoo3, aturanyang yangmemberatkan memberatkanpengusaha, pengusaha, sepertiSofan aturanmemberi pesangoncontoh yang dijaan jaanadalah, adalah,pefiama, pertama,menciptakan menciptakanlapangan lapangankerja keijaformal formalatau ataumodern modern afuran seperti ah[an pesangon yang di_ sebutnyapaling palingtinggi tinggise-Asia. se-Asia. Iajuga juga mengeluhkan besamya upah miseluas-luasnya.Dan, Dan,"Memberikan "Membertkandukungan dukunganyang yangdiperlukan diperlukanagar agarpepe- sebutnya seluasJuasnya. Ia mengeluhkan besarnya upah minimumregional regionalyang yangharus harus dipenuhi pengusaha.,'Kenaikan "Kenaikan UMR terkeijadapat dapatberpindah berpindahdari dartpekerjaan pekeijaandengan denganproduktivitas produktivitas.e.rdrh-k" rendah ke nimum kerja dipenuhi pengusaha. LIMR t"rakhir tak diimbangi peningkatan produktivitas," katanya pekeijaandengan denganproduktivitas produktivitastinggi," tinggi,"katanya. katanya. pekerjaan akhir tak diimbangi peningkatan produktivitas," katanya Rekson Silaban, Ketua Umum Konfederasi Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Untukmenyerap menyerappengangguran penganggurandan danmenghapus menghapuskemiskinan, kemiskinan,pemepemeUntuk Relaon Silaban, Ketua Umum Konfederasi Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia (KSBSI), tak menampik pendapat Sofjan. Menurutnya, rintah ke depan mau tak mau memang harus mendongkrak pertumrintah ke depan mau tak mau memang hanrs mendonglaak pertumIndonesia (KSBSI), tak menampik pendapat Sofan. Menurutnya, mungkinbenar benarUU UUKetenagakerjaan Ketenagakeijaan cenderung berpihak kepada pekerbuhanekonomi ekonomisetidaknya setidaknyahingga hingga6 6persen. persen.Atau Ataulebih. lebih.Soalnya Soalnyakemukemu- mungkin buhan cenderung berpihak kepada peker_ namundidilapangan lapangankondisi kondisiyang yang teijadi tak seperti itu. Hukum seakan dian,bagaimana bagaimanamencapainya? mencapainya? dian, ja,ja, namun terjadi tak seperti itu. Hukum seakan lebihmembela membelapengusaha. pengusaha.DiDi tengah sistem ekonomi pasar yang terbuMenteriKeuangan KeuanganSriSriMulyani Mulyanisependapat, sependapat,pilihan pilihanutama utamamening_ mening- Iebih Menteri tengah sistem ekonomi pasar yang terbuperaturan ketenagakeijaan selain memberi peluang bagi investasi, jukatkanpenyerapan penyerapantenaga tenagake{a keijaadalah adalahlewat lewatpertumbuhan pertumbuhanekononi, ekonomi, ka,ka,peraturan katkan ketenagakerjaan selain memberi peluang bagi investasi,

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ga menyertakan proteksi. "Hams ada kepastian soal

proteksi. "Harus ada kepastian soal gajaminan menyeftakan sosial bagi pekeija," katanya dalam sebuah jaminan sosial bagi pekerja," katanya dalam sebuah workshop soal perlindungan sosial yang diselenggarayang diselenggaraworkshop kan ILO, soal Juli perlindungan 2007 lalu. sosial ILO,.Iuli 2oo7 kan Sebenamya adalalu. potensi besar untuk menghasilkan ada potensi besar untuk menghasilkan Sebenarnya lapangan keija, yakni sektor usaha kecil dan meneyakni sektor usaha kecil dan menekerja, Iapangan ngah (UKM). Jumlah pelaku UKM di IndonesiamemeIndonesia UI{\{ di ngah mang(UI{U). sangatJumlah besar. pelaku Berdasarkan data BadanPusat Pusat mang sangat besar. Berdasarkan data Badan

Statistik (BPS), pada tahun 2000 jumlah tenaga keija

(BPS), pada tahun 2ooo jumlah tenaga kerja Statistik yang terserap di sektor UKM ada 70,4 juta orang. La-

yang terselap di sektor UI04 ada 7o,4inta orang' l-alu pada 2003 jumlah itu meningkat menjadi 79juta' juta. juldah itu meningkat menjadi 79 pada saja 2oo3usaha IuKalau mereka berkembang, dan masingusaha mereka berkembang, dan masingsaja Kalau masing bisa menambah dua orang tenaga keija saja, menambah dua orang tenaga kerja saja, bisa masing terbayang jumlah lapangan keija bam yang muncul. terbayang jumlah lapangan kerja baru yang muncul'

Jika pemerintah mampu menyeimbangkan perperrnenyeimbangkan Jika pemerintah tumbuhan lapanganrnampu keija bam dan naiknya angkatan lapangan kerja baru dan naiknya angkatan tumbuhan tenaga keija, selesaikan soal ketenagakeijaan kita? Bekerja, selesaikan soaLl ketenagakerjaan kita? Betenaga lum. Ada soal kelayakan kondisi keijayang yang sejakawal awal sejak soal kelayalian kondisi kerja lum. mestiAdapula dibangun paralel dengan penciptaanlalapenciptaan paralel dengan pula dibangun mesti pangan keija. "Jadi, tantangannya bukan cumaditunditunpangar.r kerja. "Jadi, tantangannya bukan cuma tut menciptakan peluang keija, tapi juga kondisikerja keija kerja, tapijuga kondisi menciptakan tut yang layak," katapeluang Direktur ILO Jakarta Alan Boulton. Direktur ILO Jakarta Alan Boulton' yangOrganisasi iayak," kata Perbumhan Intemasional (ILO) memPerbumhan Internasional (ILO) memOrganisasi berikan dukungan kepada Pemerintah Indonesiadadakepada Pemerintah Indonesia dukungan berikan lam bentuk keijasama teknis. Salah satunya adalah kerjasama teknis. Salah satunya adalah bentuk Iam program yang mendukung reformasi perburuhan unyang mendukung reformasi perbumhan unprograrn tuk menciptakan hubungan industrial yang harmonis hubungan industrial yang hannonis tuk danmenciptakan meningkatkan produktivitas. produktivitas. meningkatkan danMelalui program-programnya di Indonesia, orgaprogram-programnya di Indonesia, orgaMelalui nisasi ini memiliki komitmen mendukung Indonesia komitmen mendukung Indonesia ini men-riliki nisasi menciptakan lapangan keija yang layak. Kondisi pelapangan kerja yang layak. Kondisi pemenciptakan keijaan layak itu hams ditekankan untuk semua biditekankan untuk semua biitu harus layali saja kerjaan dang. Tidak bagi para pekeija yang bekeija di para pekerja yang bekerja di bagi saja Tidak dang. sektor-sektor produksi formal, tapijuga juga informal. informal. produksi formal, tapi seklor-seldor Upaya menciptakan lapangan keija dengan kondikondidengan kerja lapangan menciptakan si Upaya layak adalah syarat mutlak. Tidak saja mengurangi syarat mutlak. Tidak saia mengurangi adalah si layak angka pengangguran terbuka, tapi juga juga penganggurpenganggurpengangguran terbuka, tapi angka an terselubung seperti yang teijadi pada Hesti. r■

Organisas! Perburuhan Internasional (ILO) merupakan badan di bawah naungan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) yang khusus menangani persoalan ketenagakerjaan. Banyak yang salah mengira ILO adalah serikat buruh internasional, padahal dalam penentuan program dan kebijakan ILO menempatkan unsur tripartit seperti pemerintah, organisasi pengusaha, dan serikat pekerja/buruh, pada posisi yang setara. Lalu bagaimana peran ILO di Indonesia, khususnya dalam menjembatani persoalan seputar ketenagakerjaan yang terus mengemuka? Bagaimana pula organisasi ini memandang Indonesia sebagai negara dengan potensi kekayaan yang dimilikinya justru tertinggal dibandingkan beberapa ALAN BOULTON negara di Asia Tenggara? Berikut perbincangan Direktur ILO Jakarta Tim Info Tempo dengan Direktur ILO Jakarta Alan Boulton di kantornya di kawasan Thamrin, Jakarta, awal November lalu. Petikannya. Apa sih yang dilakukan ILO di Indonesia? Kami memiliki program Pekerjaan yang Layak bagi Indonesia. Ini kami koordinasikan dan konsultasikan dengan Departemen Tenaga Kerja; Bappenas; Asosiasi Pengusaha Indonesia; dan serikat buruh. Program Pekerjaan yang Layak ini memiliki sejumlah tujuan, di antaranya: menghentikan eksploitasi di tempat kerja, termasuk di antaranya eksploitasi anak, pekerja migran dan domestik, dan penciptaan lapangan kerja bagi kaum muda. Ada yang lain lagi? Lalu soal kesempatan kerja bagi warga negara Indonesia. Salah satu yang menjadi sasaran program utamanya adalah apa yang akan kami lakukan di daerah yang terkena bencana alam seperti di Aceh. Selain itu, kami juga membuat program-program di bidang lain, seperti yang berjalan di Sumatera dan Papua. Di Papua, kita berupaya memberdayakan masyarakat asli untuk mendapatkan peluang pekerjaan dan penghasilan. Apa yang Anda lihat dengan kondisi Indonesia saat ini? Indonesia adalah negara dengan populasi yang sangat besar. Sayangnya, tak banyak kesempatan kerja bagi warganya. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, Anda bukan cuma dituntut untuk mencarikan lapangan kerja, namun juga menciptakan peluang kerja. Apalagi kebijakan pemerintah yang kerap berubah, yang membuat aktivitas juga ikut berubah. Apa titik persoalan utama bagi Indonesia dibandingkan negara-negara lain, khususnya di Asia Tenggara? Sebenarnya Indonesia pernah menjadi macan Asia dalam bidang perekonomian, tapi jika dibandingkan Singapura atau Malaysia, bahkan Thailand; Indonesia masih tertinggal. Ini terjadi karena tidak ada atau minimnya usaha untuk melakukan hal-hal seperti pendidikan yang cukup baik, pelatihan-pelatihan, atau sistem yang kurang baik, yang semuanya itu membuat calón pekerja Indonesia tak memiliki kualitas dan daya saing sebaik negara-negara Asia lainnya.

an terselubung seperti -vang terjadi pada Hesti.

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MEWUJUDKAN MTWUJUDKAN PEKERJAAN PEKERJAAi\: LAYAK LAYAK

BETAPA tak berdayanya berdayanya kita, kita, ketika ketika air air bah bah yang yang tumpah tumpah pada pada z6 26 A tak Desëmbert 2oo4, 2004, menenggelamkan menenggelamkan sebagian sebagian Aceh. Aceh. Ratusan Ratusan ribu ribu jprana hilang dan mati, mati, infrastruktur infrastruktur hancur, hancur, dan dan sektor-sektor sektor-sektor eko_ eko hng dan nomi liunpuh. puh. Desa Lambung, KecamatanMeuraxa, Meuraxa, Banda BandaAceh, Aceh, misalnya, misalnya,yang yang mbung, Kecamatan lakraemiliki jalan lebar lebar dan dan hanya hanya ada ada lorong-lorong lorong-lorong kecil kecil yang yang Iiki jalan membuat warga warga terjebak, teijebak, tak tak bisa bisa meloloskan meloloskan diri diri dari dari keprngan kepungan Eet tsunami."Korban "Korbandari daridesa desakami kamitermasukyang termasuk yangterbanyak," terbanyak,"kataZa_ kata Zatsunami. idi M. M. Adan, Adan, Keuchik Keuchik Desa Desa l,ambung. Lambung. Dulu Dulu z.ooo 2.000 jiwa, jiwa, kini kini 350 idi 3So orang. orang. Namun, tak hanya kehilangan sanak saudara. Bagi warga LamNamun, tak hanya kehilangan sanak saudara. Bagi warga l,am_ -bung, bung,juga jugawarga wargadidipuluhan puluhanbahkan bahkanratusan ratusanhingga hinggaribuan ribuandesa desadidi SerambiMekah Mekahitu, itu,trauma traumauntuk untukbangkit bangkitdari daribencana bencanabetul_betul betul-betul Serambi hamsdimulai dimulaidengan denganmodalitas modalitasdidititik titiknadir. nadir.Apa Apayang yangbisa bisamereka mereka harus lakukanuntuk untukkeluar keluardari darilorong loronggelap gelapitu? itu? lakukan Semangatrawe-rawe rawe-rawerantas rantasmereka merekamiliki milikiuntuk untukmulai mulaimenata menatake_ keSemangat hidupansosial. sosial.Namun, Namun,itu itusaja sajatentu tentutak takcukup. cukup.Rakyat RakyatdidiAceh Acehha_ hahidupan msmemiliki memilikipekerjaan pekeijaanuntuk untukmelanjutkan melanjutkanhidup hidupmereka. mereka. rus Organisas!Perburuhan PerbumhanInternasional Intemasional(ILO), (ILO),berdasarkan berdasarkandata dataAp_ ApOrganisasi 2005,memperkirakan memperkirakantingkat tingkatpengangguran penganggurandidiAceh Acehmeningkat meningkat rilrileoo5, dari6,8 6,8persen persenatau atauz5o 250ribu ribuorang oranghingga hingga30 30persen persenatau atausekitar sekitar dari 600ribu ribujiwa. jiwa.Perinciannya, Perinciannya,sekitar sekitarr3o 130ribu ribupetini, petani, 300ribu ribunela_ nela6oo 3oo yan,dan danr7o 170ribu ribupemilik pemilikdan dankaryawan karyawanbisnis bisnisusaha usabakecil keciltak taklagi lagi yan, punyapekerjaan. pekerjaan.Kerusakan Kemsakanalam alammembuat membuatketerkaitan keterkaitanantara antarapJ_ pepunya nyediaanlapangan lapangankerja keijadan danpemulihan pemulihanmenjadi menjadisangatjelas sangat jelassejak sejak nyediaan awalmerekonstruksi merekonstmksidaerah daerahini. ini. awal Melihatkondisi kondisididiAceh, Aceh,ILO ILOmengusulkan mengusulkanenam enambidang bidangyang yangha_ haMelihat msmenjadi menjadifokus fokusmembantu membantupara parakorban. korban.Keenamnya Keenamnyamasing_66_ masing-marus sing,layanan layananketenagakerjaan ketenagakerjaandarurat; damrat;pelatihan pelatihankejuruan, kejuman,pengem_ pengemsing,

bangan usaha dan keuangan mikro, rehabilitasi infrastmktur berba-

bangan usaha dan keuangan mikro, rehabilitasi infrastrukturberba_ sis tenaga kerja; pembangunan ekonomi daerah, dan memberi persis tenaga kerja; pembangunan ekonomi daerah, dan memberi per_ hatian khusus pada kebutuhan anak-anak. Tujuannya jelas, "Memhatian khusus pada kebutuhan anak-anak. Tujuannya jelas, "MLm_ buat orang segera kembali bekeija," kata Alan Boulton, Direktur ILO buat orang segera kembali bekerja,', kata Alan Boulton. Direktur ILO Jakarta. Jakarta. Soal layanan ketenagakerjaan dipandang ILO sebagai langkah Soal layanan ketenagakerjaan dipandang ILO sebagai langkah awal strategis. Rekonstmksi pasca-bencana, kata Tauvik Muhamad, awal strategis. Rekonstruksi pasca-bencana, kata Tauvik Muhairad,

Programme Officer ILO Jakarta, menjadi penting karena dapat

Programme Officer ILO Jakarta, menjadi penting karena dapai membantu menemukan pekeijaan bagi mereka yang tidak menyadamembantu menemukan pekerjaan bagi mereka yang tidak menyada_ ri adanya peluang keija. Layanan ini menjadi basis untuk mengidenri-adanya peluang kerja. Layanan ini menjadi basis untuk.n"rgid"n_ tifikasi kebutuhan keija dan ketrampilan. tifikasi kebutuhan kerja dan ketrampilan. Namun, itu hanya langkah awal. Semacam tanggap darurat. MeNamun, itu hanya langkah awal. Semacam tanggap darurat. Me_ nurut Alan, langkah lanjutan yang diperlukan adalah yang memiliki nurut Alan, langkah lanjutan yang diperlukan adalah yang memiliki dimensi jangka panjang. Pada konteks itu, program yang dijalankan dimensi jangka panjang. pada konteks itu, program yang dijalankan bempa upaya penciptaan lapangan keija. "Membangkitkan usaha berupa upaya penciptaan lapangan kerja. ,'Membangkilkan usaha kecil, temtama bagi kaum perempuan," katanya. kecil, terutama bagi kaum perempuan,,i katanya. Langkah ini dilakukan untuk membekali korban bencana yang L,angkah ini dilakukan untuk membekali korban bencana yang ingin memulai usaha atau membangun kembali usahanya. Program ingin memulai usaha atau membangun kembali usahanya. f.oi.u.i yang dijalankan adalah memberi pengetahuan praktis mengenai cayang dijalankan adalah memberi pengetahuan praktis mengenii ca_ merekadapat dapat melakukannya secara efektif, dan yang tak kalah raramereka melakukannya secara efektif, dan yang tak kalah pentingnya: membantu mereka memperoleh atau akses mendapatpentingnya: membantu mereka memperoleh atau akses mendapat_ kan modal yang dibutuhkan untuk usaha. kan modal yang dibutuhkan untuk usaha. Upaya segera membantu memberi peluang lapangan keija adalah Upaya segera membantu memberi peluang lapangan ke{a adalah

pelajaranpenting penting bagi wilayah manapun yang tertimpa bencana. pelajaran bagi wilayah t"rtl-pu b.n"".,u. Orang tak bisa bangkit jika tanpamanapun harapan.yung Bantuan pasti fisik perlu, Orang tak bisa bangkit jika tanpa harapan. Bantuan pasti fisik perlu, tapi orang hidup hams dengan adanya harapan jangka panjang. Dan tapi orang hidup harus dengan adanya harapan jangka panjang-. Dan harapan itu adalah kemampuan menafkahi dirinya. Ketika infraharapan itu adalah kemampuan menafkahi airinya. Ketika infra_ strukturdibangun, dibangun, danjaminan jaminan masa depan ada di tangan, harapan dan masa depan ada ditangan, harapan ;!ryktur hidup itu tumbuh. ■ hidup itu tumbuh. I

PELAJARAN BERHARGA DARI ACEH PELAJARAN

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INFO TEMPO26 26 NOVEMBER?c07 2007 INTO TTMPO NO!j!MB-R

membuat kemembLiat keterkaitan antara terkaitan antara penyediaan lapenyediaan lapangan kerja pangan kerja dan pemulihan pemulihan dan menjadi sangat rnenjadi sangat jelas sejak awal jelas sejak awal rekonstruksi. rekonstru ksi.

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