Pertemuan Ke 5-6
Teori Produksi dan Biaya
TEORI PRODUKSI • Untuk memahami teori produksi, perlu mengetahui fungsi produksi • Fungsi produksi adalah fungsi yang menggambarkan hubungan fisik antara input dan output. Secara matematis: Y = f (X1, X2, X3, X4, ..Xn) Fungsi Produksi Sederhana: Y = f (X1\ X2, X3, X4, ..Xn) X1, 1 (satu) input variabel (X2,…, Xn) caterisparibus 2
• Produk Total (PT) adalah jumlah produk yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan sejumlah input • Produk Marjinal (PM) dari input variabel adalah tambahan output yang akan diproduksi oleh satu satuan tambahan input, jika semua input lain konstan • Produk rata-rata (PR) adalah jumlah rata-rata produk dari tiap unit faktor produksi variabel.
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Production Function for Sandwiches
Production Function
40
(4) AVERAGE PRODUCT OF LABOR
0
0
−
−
1
10
10
10.0
2
25
15
12.5
3
35
10
11.7
4
40
5
10.0
5
42
2
8.4
6
42
0
7.0
35 Total product
(3) MARGINAL PRODUCT OF LABOR
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
Number of employees
15 Marginal Product
(1) LABOR UNITS (EMPLOYEES)
(2) TOTAL PRODUCT (SANDWICHES PER HOUR)
45
10 5 0 0
1
2 3 4 5 Number of employees
• Law of diminishing return/Hukum hasil yang menurun menyatakan bahwa penambahan unit input variabel terhadap input tetap melampaui titik tertentu akan menurunkan tambahan output (produk marjinal) dari input variabel tersebut.
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Total, Average, and Marginal Product • Marginal product is the slope of the total product function. • At point A, the slope of the total product function is highest; thus, marginal product is highest. • At point C, total product is maximum, the slope of the total product function is zero, and marginal product intersects the horizontal axis.
Total, Average, and Marginal Product • When average product is maximum, average product and marginal product are equal. • Then, average product falls to the left and right of point B.
Total, Average, and Marginal Product Remember that: • As long as marginal product rises, average product rises. • When average product is maximum, marginal product equals average product. • When average product falls, marginal product is less than average product.
Biaya Produksi (Jangka Pendek)
• Biaya tetap (fixed cost/FC) adalah biaya yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh jumlah produksi yang dihasilkan. • Biaya variabel (VC) adalah biaya yang dipengaruhi oleh tingkat output yang dihasilkan. • Biaya tetap total (TFC) adalah jumlah seluruh biaya tetap dan Biaya variabel rata-rata (TVC) adalah seluruh biaya variabel. • Biaya total adalah biaya tetap total (TFC) ditambah biaya variabel total (TVC) (TC = TFC + TVC) 9
• Biaya tetap rata-rata (AFC - average fixed cost) adalah biaya tetap total dibagi kuantitas output.
TFC AFC = q • Biaya variabel rata-rata (AVC) adalah jumlah semua biaya variabel dibagi kuantitas output Biaya variabel rata-rata (AVC) = TVC/Q
TVC AVC = q 10
Short‐Run Costs of a Hypothetical Firm (1) q
(3) MC (Δ TVC)
(2) TVC
(4) AVC (TVC/q)
(5) TFC
(6) TC (TVC + TFC)
(7) AFC (TFC/q)
(8) ATC (TC/q or AFC + AVC)
0
0
-
-
1,000
1,000
-
1
10
10
10
1,000
1,010
1,000
1,010
2
18
8
9
1,000
1,018
500
509
3
24
6
8
1,000
1,024
333
341
4
32
8
8
1,000
1,032
250
258
5
42
10
8.4
1,000
1,042
200
208.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
−
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
−
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
−
-
-
500
8,000
20
16
1,000
9,000
2
18
Short‐Run Fixed Cost (Total and Average) of a Hypothetical Firm (1) q
(2) TFC
(3) AFC (TFC/q)
0
1,000
−−
1
1,000
1,000
2
1,000
500
3
1,000
333
4
1,000
250
5
1,000
200
• As output increases, total fixed cost remains constant and average fixed cost declines.
Variable Costs • The total variable cost curve is a graph that shows the relationship between total variable cost and the level of a firm’s output. • The total variable cost is derived from production requirements and input prices.
Marginal Cost (MC)/Biaya Marginal • Marginal cost (MC) adalah tambahan biaya yang diakibatkan oleh penambahan produksi satu satuan. MC merefleksikan perubahan pada biaya variabel (VC). UNITS OF OUTPUT 0 1
TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS ($) 0
MARGINAL COSTS ($)
10
0 10
2
18
8
3
24
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Graphing Total Variable Costs and Marginal Costs • Total variable cost always increases with output. • The marginal cost curve shows how total variable cost changes.
Graphing Average Variable Costs and Marginal Costs • When marginal cost is below average cost, average cost is declining.
• At 200 units of output, AVC is minimum and equal to MC.
•
When marginal cost is above average cost, average cost is increasing.
•
Marginal cost intersects average variable cost at the lowest , or minimum, point of AVC.
• Adding the same amount of total fixed cost to every level of total variable cost yields total cost. •
For this reason, the total cost curve has the same shape as the total variable cost curve; it is simply higher by an amount equal to TFC.
Average Total Cost • Average total cost (ATC) is total cost divided by the number of units of output (q).
ATC = AFC + AVC TC TFC TVC ATC = = + q q q • Because AFC falls with output, an ever-declining amount is added to AVC.
