MENGENAL STUDI KASUS. Oleh Prof. Dr. Rochmat Wahab, M.Pd., MA

MENGENAL

STUDI KASUS Oleh Prof. Dr. Rochmat Wahab, M.Pd., MA

Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

CASE STUDY  Studi kasus adalah suatu kajian yang detil tentang suatu setting atau suatu subjek tunggal, atau satu kumpulan dokumen tunggal, atau suatu kejadian tertentu.

 A Case study is a detailed examination of one setting or one single subject, or one single depository of documents, or one particular event. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

CASE STUDY  Studi kasus adalah disain penelitian yang sangat fleksibel, yang memungkinkan peneliti untuk menetapkan karakteristik yang holistik terhadap kejadian hidup yang riil sambil meneliti kejadiankejadian empirik.  The case study is the most flexible of all research designs, allowing the researcher to retain the holistic characteristics of real-life events while investigating empirical events. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

Relevant situations for different research strategies Strategy

Form of research question

Requires control over behavioral events?

Focuses on contemporary events?

Experiment

how, why

yes

yes

Survey

who what, where, how many, how much

no

yes

Archival analysis

who what, where, how many, how much

no

yes/no

History

how, why

no

no

Case study

how, why

no

yes


CASE STUDY Stake (1995): The Case as an object of study Yin (1994): The Case as a methodology, a case study examines a “bounded system” or a case over time in detail, employing multiple sources of data found in the setting.  Case: a program, an event, an activity, a set of individual bounded in time and place.  Cases are not chosen for representativeness A Case can be selected because of its uniqueness or the case may be used to illustrate an issue


CASE STUDY (2)  The focus may be one entity (within-site study) or several entities (multi-site study),. However, the more cases of individual sites added, the less dept of analysis of any single site.  Thew study provides a detailed description of the case, an analysis of the themes or issues, and the reseracher’s interpretations or assertions about the case. These interpretations maybe called “lessons learned” (Guba and Lincoln, 1989).

Case study is an ideal methodology when a holistic, in-depth investigation is Rochmat Wahab needed FIP UNY 2011

TIPE STUDI KASUS Yin (1993) has identified some specific types of case studies:

Exploratory, Explanatory, and Descriptive

Stake (1995) included three others: Intrinsic - when the researcher has an interest in the case; Instrumental - when the case is used to understand more than what is obvious to the observer; Collective when a group of cases is studied. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology in a special education study, using a pattern-matching procedure. In all of the above types of case studies,

there can be single-case or multiple-case applications. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

NOTES:  Case study research is not sampling research; selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned in the period of time available for the study.

…

 The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined.  Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses.

.

 Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

TIPE STUDI KASUS • Historical organizational case studies

• Observational Case Studies • Life History Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

JENIS TRIANGULASI (Denzin:1984) 

Data source triangulation, when the researcher looks for the data to remain the same in different contexts; and

 Investigator triangulation, when several investigators examine the same phenomenon;  Theory triangulation, when investigators with different view points interpret the same results;

 Methodological triangulation, when one approach is followed by another, to increase confidence in the interpretation. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

TAHAPAN STUDI KASUS

(1) Design the case study, (2) Conduct the case study, (3) Analyze the case study evidence, and (4) Develop the conclusions, recommendations and implications. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

TAHAPAN STUDI KASUS  Design the case study protocol: (1) determine the required skills (2) develop and review the protocol  Conduct the case study: (1) prepare for data collection (2) distribute questionnaire (3) conduct interviews

 Analyze case study evidence: analytic strategy  Develop conclusions, recommendations, and implications based on the evidence Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

A. MENDESAIN PROTOKOL STUDI KASUS  Menentukan keterampilan yang dikehendaki : Peneliti harus memiliki kemampuan bertanya dan menafsirkan : Jadi pendengar yang baik, fleksibel dan well adaptif, menangkap isu yang diteliti, tidak bias oleh pendapat yang dimiliki. 

Mengembangkan dan meriviu protocol: (1) Selintas tentang studi kasus – mencakup : tujuan tentang SK, isu SK, dan penyajian tentang topik SK. (2) Catatan lapangan – pengingat ttg prosedur, surat ijin untuk akses data, lokasi studi. (3) Pertanyaan untuk studi – Pertanyaan yang harus peneliti miliki selama pengumpulan data. (4) Petunjuk laporan SK – outline dan format laporan. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

KOMPONEN STUDI KASUS

(1) A study's questions*, (2) Its propositions, if any, (3) Its unit (s) of analysis, (4) The logic linking the data to the propositions, and (5) The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). *"who", "what", "where", "how", "when", and "why", - an explanatory - exploratory case study. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

B. MELAKSANAKAN STUDI KASUS (1) (1) prepare for data collection (2) distribute questionnaire (3) conduct interviews

Ada 6 sumber data utama : documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation, and physical artifacts. No single source has a complete advantage over the others; rather, they might be complementary and could be used in tandem. Thus a case study should use as

many sources as are relevant to the study. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

B. MELAKSANAKAN STUDI KASUS (2) Documents could be letters, memoranda, agendas, study reports, or any items that could add to the data base. The validity of the documents should be carefully reviewed so as to avoid incorrect data being included in the data base. One of the most important uses of documents is to corroborate evidence gathered from other sources. The potential for overreliance on document as evidence in case studies has been criticized. There could be a danger of this occurrence if the investigator is inexperienced and mistakes some types of documents for unmitigated truth (Yin, 1994). Archival records could be useful in some studies since they include service records, maps, charts, lists of names, survey data, and even personal records such as diaries. The investigator must be meticulous in determining the origin of the records and their accuracy.

Interviews are one of the most important sources of case study information. The interview could take one of several forms: open-ended, focused, or structured. In an open-ended interview, the researcher could ask for the informant's opinion on events or facts. This could serve to corroborate previously gathered data. In a focused interview, the respondent is interviewed for only a short time, and the questions asked could have come from the case study protocol. The structured interview is particularly useful in studies of neighborhoods where a formal survey is required. The use of tape recorders during the interviews is left to Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

the discretion of the parties involved.

B. MELAKSANAKAN STUDI KASUS (3) Direct observation in a case study occurs when the investigator makes a site visit to gather data. The observations could be formal or casual activities, but the reliability of the observation is the main concern. Using multiple observers is one way to guard against this problem. Participant observation is a unique mode of observation in which the researcher may actually participate in the events being studied. This technique could be used in studies of neighborhoods or organizations, and frequently in anthropological studies. The main concern is the potential bias of the researcher as an active participant. While the information may not be available in any other way, the drawbacks should be carefully considered by the researcher. Physical artifacts could be any physical evidence that might be gathered during a site visit. That might include tools, art works, notebooks,

computer output, and other such physical evidence. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

B. MELAKSANAKAN STUDI KASUS (4) Yin (1994) suggested three principles of data collection for case studies: Use multiple sources of data Create a case study database

Maintain a chain of evidence


TYPES OF EVIDENCE Source of Evidence

Strengths

Weaknesses

Documentation stable - repeated review unobtrusive - exist prior to case study exact - names etc. broad coverage - extended time span Archival Records Same as above precise and quantitative Interviews

•

•

retrievability - difficult biased selectivity reporting bias - reflects author bias access - may be blocked

• •

Same as above privacy might inhibit access

targeted - focuses on case study topic insightful - provides perceived causal inferences

bias due to poor questions response bias incomplete recollection reflexivity - interviewee expresses what interviewer wants to hear

reality - covers events in real time contextual - covers event context

time-consuming selectivity - might miss facts reflexivity - observer's presence might cause change cost - observers need time

Direct Observation

Participant Observation

(Yin, 1994, p. 80)

Same as above Rochmat Wahab FIP UNYSame 2011as above insightful into interpersonal behavior bias due to investigator's actions

EMPAT TIPE DATA LAPANGAN



FIELD JOTTINGS



FIELD NOTES



FIELD DIARY



FIELD LOG Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

FIELD JOTTINGS

Field jottings dibuat ketika peneliti mengobservasi atau mendengar sesuatu yang penting. Field Jottings ditulis di tempat untuk menghindari lupa dan ingatan yang selektif.


FIELD NOTES Field NOTES merangkum data lapangan yang dikumpulkan sela,a sehari atau beberapa periode waktu yang dirancang. Field notes dilengkapi dengan data lain yang dikumpulkan, mencakup: hasil rekaman, dokumen atau catatan tentang pandangan selintas dan pemahaman terhadap kondisi sosial sebagaimana kejadian waktu data dikumpulkan. Catatan dibuat sesegera mungkin, setidak-tidaknya atas dasar infromasi harian, sehingga datanya tetap segar. Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

FIELD DIARY Field diary merupakan suatu catatan rentetan pribadi tentang apa yang observer partisipan rasakan tentang situasi sosial ketika ada di dalamnya. FD seharusnya merupakan catatan rentetan tentang hubungan observer dengan apa yang diobservasi. FD akan membantu observer partisipan dapat menafsirkan lebih mendalam catatab lapangan dan waspada terhadap bias pribadi.


FIELD LOG Field Log seperti suatu buku harian di kapal, yang mengaitkan rentetetan kejadian harian; bagaimana observer partisipan merencanakan penggunakan waktu, bagaimana waktu benar-benar digunakan, siapa yang dilihat, siapa saja nama-nama, apa yang mereka katakan, dan siapa yang perlu untuk dilihat, dan apa saja yang perlu ditanyakan. FL akan membantu sekali dalam pengorganisasian data.



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FIELD JOTTINGS



FIELD NOTES



FIELD DIARY

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FIELD JOTTINGS

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FIELD NOTES

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FIELD DIARY

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C. ANALISIS BUKTI STUDI KASUS 1. Yin, (1994), Data analysis consists of examining, categorizing, tabulating, or otherwise recombining the evidence to address the initial propositions of a study" 2. Miles and Huberman (1984) have suggested alternative analytic techniques of analysis in such situations, such as using arrays to display the data, creating displays, tabulating the frequency of events, ordering the information, and other methods. This must be done in a way that will not bias the results.

3.Yin (1994) suggested that every investigation should have a general analytic strategy, so as to guide the decision regarding what will be analyzed and for what reason. He presented some possible analytic techniques: patternmatching, explanation-building, and time-series analysis. In general, the analysis will rely on the theoretical propositions that led to the case stud Rochmat Wahab FIP UNY 2011

SEKIAN TERIMA KASIH


MENGENAL STUDI KASUS. Oleh Prof. Dr. Rochmat Wahab, M.Pd., MA

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