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RESEARCH MISCONDUCT Adi Utarini Program Pra-Doktor FK UGM, 22-24 April 2014
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Tujuan Sesi • Meningkatkan kepedulian terhadap masalah research misconduct • Memahami panduan untuk mencegah research misconduct
Bagian I. Memahami Research Misconduct
Academic Integrity: Prinsip-prinsip moral yang diterapkan dalam lingkungan akademik, terutama yang terkait dengan kebenaran, keadilan, kejujuran
Jenis Academic Misconduct Kecurangan Plagiarisme Falsifikasi/fabrikasi Kolusi Deceit Plagiarisme
Kecurangan
Falsifikasi/fabrikasi
Kolusi
Deceit
Definisi research misconduct "Research Misconduct" means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scholarly community for proposing, conducting, publishing or otherwise reporting research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data.
http://www.ncsu.edu/sparcs/policy/references/interim.html
Definisi research misconduct (Office of Research Integrity, US DHHS)
• Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in: ▫ proposing, ▫ performing, or ▫ reviewing research, or ▫ in reporting research results.
• Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.
Fabrication
• is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
Falsification
• is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Plagiarism
• is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
Definisi…
Definisi Plagiarisme • Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver (American Association of University Professors; 1989, cited from Roig M) • Appropriating an idea (eg explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphod) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving credit to its originator • … including self-plagiarism
Example of Fabrication
Example of Falsification
Examples of improper image manipulations
(JCB: 166 11-15, 2004)
Manipulated images (left)- cut individual band and paste it to a new image -revealed by contrast adjustment (right)
NCB 5: 320-329, 2003/Corrigendum in NCB 6: 373, 2004
Contoh Plagiarisme •Original text: “Minor league baseball historically is as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades. It is still small-town U.S.A., in feel if not in fact” (Rielly 206). •Plagiarized version: Baseball’s minor leagues are historically as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades seen in small-town USA.
Source: Rielly, Edward J. Baseball: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000. Print.
Contoh: • Original text: ▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)
Contoh baik : • Original text: ▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)
• Parafrase dengan sitasi: ▫ There remains debate as to where HIV-related tuberculosis can be treated with short course regimens that include rifampin (El-Sadr et al., 2001)
Contoh plagiarisme: • Original text: ▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001)
• Parafrase tanpa sitasi: ▫ One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regimens that include rifampin can effectively treat HIV-related TB
Plagiarisme..
Types of plagiarism HYBRID RECYCLE REMIX: FIND-REPLACE CTRL-C RE-TWEET AGGREGATOR: 404ERROR MASHUP CLONE
CLONE: exactly the same
RECYCLE: borrow generously from author’s previous work
CTRL-C:
FIND-REPLACE: changing key-words and phrases
paraphrases from multiple sources
HYBRID:
MASHUP: mixes
404ERROR:
significant portions of text
combines perfectly cited sources with copied pasagges without citation
AGGREGATO R: Proper citation but no original work
copied material from multiple sources
RE-TWEET:
Proper citation, relies heavily on text’s original work
REMIX:
Inaccurate information of sources
How often?
Publikasi tentang Misconduct & Plagiarisme
Chamon W, 2013, Editorial
Implikasi Research Misconduct • Biaya 17 kasus research misconduct 2000-2005: US$ 116,160US$2,192,620 per kasus yang dilaporkan oleh ORI (Gammon and Ranzini, 2013)
• Sanksi: ▫ Artikel, dana penelitian dibatalkan ▫ Status sebagai PI, peneliti, mahasiswa dicabut ▫ Gelar dibatalkan..
• Social cost: kepercayaan masyarakat, reputasi peneliti, reputasi institusi • Permendiknas 17 tahun 2010 ttg pencegahan dan penanggulangan plagiat di Perguruan Tinggi
Berakibat fatal…
Why Does It Occur? • Poor supervision • Too much work • Lack of time • Lack of training • Lack of interest • Incentives • Fame and fortune • Prove a held theory • Cut corners
If in doubt, don’t do it…
Bagian II. Meningkatkan Research Integrity dengan Mencegah Plagiarisme
Tanggungjawab Peneliti • Mencegah research misconduct • Menjamin integritas penelitian • Melaporkan research misconduct • Melaporkan yang bersikap menentang terhadap pelaporan research misconduct
Singapore Statement of Research Integrity (World Congress of Research Integrity, 2010)
Four Principles • Honesty in all aspects of research • Accountability in the conduct of research • Professional courtesy & fairness in working with others • Good stewardship of research on behalf of others
27 Guidelines • Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing (Roig M)
• Ghost author tidak etis, tidak dapat diterima
G 26 G 16
• Penulis harus berusaha keras untuk memperoleh [membaca langsung] actual published paper
G 23
• Penetapan tim penulis dibahas sebelum melakukan kolaborasi riset dan mengacu pada panduan misalnya ICMJE
• Penulis yang etis selalu menyebutkan kontribusi penulis lain dan sumber ide-idenya
G1
Key Guidelines
(Roig M)
Key Guidelines: G2-4 • Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in quotation marks. • Acknowledge every source that we use; whether we paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations. • When we summarize, we condense, in our own words, a substantial amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a sentence.
Key Guidelines: G5-7 • Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing, always identify the source of our information. • When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others’ work we must reproduce the exact meaning of the other author’s ideas or facts using our words and sentence structure. • In order to make substantial modifications to the original text that result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough understanding of the ideas and terminology being used.
Key Guideline: G 8-9 • A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to readers, and to the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect others’ ideas and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and whenever possible, to use one’s own words when paraphrasing. • When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is common knowledge, provide a citation.
Revisi, revisi dan revisi…
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‘Many people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character’ Albert Einstein
