Tahun Akademik 2014/2015 Semester II
DIG1I3 - Instalasi dan Penggunaan Sistem Operasi Sejarah Komputer dan Perkembangan Sistem Operasi Mohamad Dani, (MHM) E-mail:
[email protected]
Hanya dipergunakan untuk kepentingan pengajaran di lingkungan Telkom Applied Science School
“ An electronic system to manipulate data rapidly and correctly which is organized so that it can automatically accept and save input data, processes it and finally the result of the processing is an output in the form of information.” (Donald H. Sanders ,Computer Today)
Computer architecture means the design of a computer system at the structural level that generally includes hardware and software. The computer development effort has gone through five generations. Each generation was characterized by some sort of hardware break-through along with some architectural improvements.
Data processor is divided into four groups
Manual device Mechanical device Electronic mechanical device Electronic device
Personal computer experiencing rapid change since 1993 appeared. It is started by the use of disk of 51/4 inch in computer 80386 which at that time was a qualified processor, and it survived until windows operation system started dominating computer operation system at that time. Then, it is followed by internet network development, the improvement of hardware and software, until the appearance of mobile personal computer.
The characteristics of the first generation of computers:
Operational instruction is made specifically for a certain task The components used are vacuum tubes for it circuit. The program can only be made by machine language. Using the concept of stored program with its main memory, which is magnetic core storage. Using external storage of magnetic tape and magnetic disk. The size of the computer is big, it needs large space.
So easy to get hot so it needs a cooler. The process is so slow. The storage is small. Needs huge electrical power. Its main orientation is on business application.
EDVAC
UNIVAC
Computers of second generation have the following characters:
Components used are transistor for the circuit. Program can be created by high level language. The capacity of main memory is huge enough by the development of magnetic core storage can save tens thousands characters. Uses external storage of magnetic tape and magnetic disk in the form of removable disk or disk pack. Has the ability of real-time process and time sharing.
The physical size of this computer is smaller than the first generation’s. The operational process is fast, it can process millions of operations per second. Needs less electrical power. The orientation is not only to business application but also in technical application.
The third generations of computers have the following characters: The components used are IC (Integrated Circuits), in the form of hybrid integrated circuits and monolithic integrated circuits. Hybrid integrated circuit or solid logic technology (SLT) is a transistor and diode put separately in one place. The improvement of the software. Faster and more accurate. The speed is almost 10000 times faster compared to the first generations. The speed is measured in microseconds. Even until nanosecond (billions operation per second). The capacity of computer memory is larger, it can save hundreds thousands of characters. Uses external storage which is random access (is able to insert data record randomly), which is by magnetic with huge capacity (millions of characters).
Uses
less energy compared to the previous generations of computers. Is possible to conduct multiprocessing, means that it can process a number of data from different sources at the same time and multiprogramming, means that it can do several programs simultaneously. The development of input-output device using visual display terminal that can display pictures and graphics, can accept and produce sound, and also completed by MICR (magnetic ink characters recognition) reader. The price is cheaper compared to the previous generations. The ability of conducting data communication from one computer and the other via communication device such as telephone.
Fourth generation computers were characterized by using very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits and semiconductor memories. 5.4 million transistors could be packed on a single chip as small as a fingernail.
Types ofBased on processed data, computer can be classified as: Analog Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer
Special-Purpose Computer This computer is designed to solve a special problem, usually only one particular problem. This computer can be digital or analog, and commonly analog computer is special-purpose computer. General –Purpose Computer This computer is designed to solve many kinds of problems. It can also use various programs to solve different problems.
Sistem Operasi
Sebuah program yang mengendalikan eksekusi dari program-program aplikasi. Sebuah antarmuka antara aplikasi-aplikasi dan perangkat keras. Tujuan utama OS:
• Nyaman digunakan oleh pengguna • Efisiensi sumber daya dan waktu • Mudah dikembangkan
Sistem Operasi
Kernel adalah suatu perangkat lunak yang menjadi bagian utama dari sebuah sistem operasi. Tugas kernel melayani bermacam program aplikasi untuk mengakses perangkat keras komputer secara aman.
Macam-macam Kernel
Kernel monolitik. Mikrokernel Kernel hibrida Exokernel.
Sistem Operasi Sebagai Antarmuka User/Komputer
User melihat sistem komputer sebagai kumpulan berbagai macam aplikasi. User menjalankan aplikasi atau membuat program menggunakan application development di sistem komputer untuk dieksekusi oleh hardware sistem komputer dengan bantuan sistem operasi.
Sistem Operasi Sebagai Antarmuka User/Komputer
Layanan-layanan yang disediakan Sistem Operasi
Pengembangan program Eksekusi program Akses ke devais I/O Akses ke file Akses sistem Deteksi dan respon kesalahan Akunting
Sistem Operasi Sebagai Resource Manager
Komputer merupakan sekumpulan resource untuk pergerakan, penyimpanan dan pemrosesan data dan kendali untuk fungsi-fungsi tersebut sehingga diperlukan OS yang melakukan pengaturan resource-resource yang ada di komputer agar efisien dan efektif.
Sistem Operasi Sebagai Resource Manager
Sejarah OS
Generasi Pertama (1945 – 1955)
Awal perkembangan sistem komputasi (menggantikan sistem komputasi mekanik).
Generasi Kedua(1955 – 1965)
Batch System, pekerjaan dikumpulkan dan dikerjakan dalam satu eksekusi serial.
Tujuan utama
Batch Time Sharing Multiprogramming Memaksimalkan penggunaan Meminimalkan waktu prosesor. respon,
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Sejarah OS
Generasi Ketiga (1965 – 1980)
Multiprogramming system : Saat satu job menunggu operasi
Spooling : membuat periperal dapat diakses secara simultan, yaitu dengan cara menyediakan beberapa partisi memori Time Sharing : varian dari sistem multiprogramming, di mana tiap pemakai mempunyai satu terminal on-line dengan prosesor hanya memberi layanan pada pemakai yang aktif.
input/output selesai job lain dapat menggunakan prosesor
Generasi Keempat(1980 – sekarang?)
Network O/S : OS yang menyediakan layanan untuk komputer terhubung jaringan, dimana pemakai menyadari keberadaan komputer yang terhubung Distributed O/S : tidak perlu tahu komputer yang terhubung dgnnya
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Uniprogramming
Prosesor harus menunggu instruksi I/O dan proses I/O selesai sebelum melakukan pemrosesan berikutnya.
Multiprogramming
Pada saat sebuah pekerjaan perlu menunggu proses I/O, prosesor dapat berpindah ke pekerjaan yang lain.
Multiprogramming
Efek Multiprogramming Uniprogramming
Multiprogramming
Penggunaan Prosesor 22%
43%
Penggunaan Memori 30%
67%
Penggunaan Disk
33%
67%
Penggunaan Printer
33%
67%
Waktu terpakai
30 menit.
15 menit.
Throughput rate
6 jobs/hr
12 jobs/hr
Waktu respon rerata 18 menit.
10 menit.
Time Sharing
Menggunakan multiprogramming untuk menangani banyak pekerjaan secara interaktif. Waktu prosesor dibagi-bagi kepada banyak user yang menggunakannya Banyak user mengakses sistem yang sama melalui terminal-terminal secara simultan.
Multi User
Sistem dapat diakses oleh banyak user secara bersamaan.
GUI
Graphical User Interface atau GUI) adalah jenis antarmuka pengguna yang menggunakan metoda interaksi pada piranti elektronik secara grafis (bukan perintah teks) antara pengguna dan komputer.
Contoh: Microsoft Windows, MacOS dan menggunakan jenis GUI yang berbeda.
Terima kasih
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