Daftar Isi
Menguasai Struktur-struktur yang kompleks bersama PROMETHEUS..........................................v Mengapa PROMETHEUS?.....................................vii Terima kasih............................................................. ix
2.29
Persendian kepala bagian atas dan bawah...................................... 68
2.30
Sendi uncovertebral (Sendi Luschka).................................................70
Sistematika otot 3.1
Otot ekspresi wajah: tinjauan umum.................................................72
3.2
Otot ekspresi wajah: fungsi..................................................................74
3.3
Otot pengunyah: gambaran umum dan otot-otot superfisial....76
Ikhtisar
3.4
Otot pengunyah: otot bagian dalam..................................................78
1.1
Regio dan tonjolan tulang yang dapat diraba................................... 2
3.5
Origo dan insersi otot pada tulang tengkorak................................80
1.2
Kepala dan leher secara keseluruhan serta fasciadaerah leher ....4
3.6
Otot leher: gambaran umum dan otot-otot perm ukaan..............82
1.3
Anatomi klinis.............................................................................................6
3.7
O tot-otot leher: Mm.suprahyoidales dan Mm.infrahyoidales.....84
1.4
Embriologi wajah.......................................................................................8
3.8
1.5
Embriologi leher......................................................................................10
O tot-otot leher: otot-otot prevertebralis dan lateral (profundus)......................................................................... 86
Kepala dan leher
Tulang, ligamen, dan sendi
Sistematika pembuluh 4.1
Sistematika pendarahan arteri di kepala dan leher........................ 88
4.2
A.carotis interna dan sistematika percabangan A.carotis externa.................................................................................... 90
4.3
Percabangan depan dan belakang serta cabang medial A.carotis externa.......................................................................................................92
Dasar tengkorak dilihat dari luar (Basis cranii externa)..................20
4.4
Cabang akhir A.carotis externa............................................................ 94
2.6
Dasar tengkorak dilihat dari dalam (Basis cranii interna)..............22
4.5
Percabangan A.carotis interna yang mendarahi struktur ekstraserebral pada kepala...................................................................96
2.7
Rongga mata (Orbita): tulang dan foramen untuk pem buluh.............................................. 24
4.6
Vena kepala dan leher: vena-vena permukaan(superfisial)......... 98
4.7
Vena kepala dan belakang kepala: Vena-vena dalam (profunda)...............................................................................................100
4.8
Vena-vena pada leher.......................................................................... 102
2.1
Tengkorak (kranium) tampak lateral...................................................12
2.2
Tengkorak tampak frontal.....................................................................14
2.3
Tengkorak dilihat dari dorsal dan sutura tengkorak...................... 16
2.4
Tempurung kepala (Calvaria) dari luar dan dalam .......................... 18
2.5
2.8
Orbita dan struktur yang berdekatan................................................26
2.9
Hidung (nasus): kerangka hidung...................................................... 28
2.10
Hidung: Sinus paranasales...................................................................30
4.9
Stasiun kelenjar limfe di kepala dan leher...................................... 104
2.11 Tulang temporal (Os temporale)......................................................... 32
4.10
Sinopsis saraf kranial...........................................................................106
2.12
Os sphenoidale........................................................................................34
4.11
2.13
Tulang belakang kepala (Os occipitale) dan Os ethmoidale........36
Nucleus dan ganglion yang berhubungan dengan saraf o ta k ................................................................................................108
2.14
Langit-langit keras (Palatum durum )..................................................38
4.12
Nervus olfactorius (I) dan Nervus opticus (II)................................110
4.13
Saraf kranial untuk otot-otot ekstraokular: N.oculomotorius (III), N.Trochlearis (IV), dan N.Abducens (V I)............................................................................112
2.17 Terminologi, skema dan penanda gigi...............................................44
4.14
N.trigeminus (V): Nucleus dan distribusinya.................................114
2.18
Posisi gigi-geligi: orientasi pada tengkorak wajah dan oklusi pada gigi...............................................................................46
4.15
Nervus trigeminus (V): perjalanan ketiga cabang utamanya................................................................................................116
2.19
Morfologi gigi permanen (Dentes permanentes)........................... 48
4.16
N.facialis (VII): Nucleus, distribusi dan serabut visceroeferennya.................................................................................. 118
2.20
Perangkat penahan gigi (Parodontium)............................................ 50 4.17
2.21
Dentes decidui.........................................................................................52
N.facialis (VII): perjalanan di Os temporale; serabut eferen visceral parasimpatis dan aferenvisceral............. 120
2.22
Perkembangan gigi (Odontogenesis)................................................ 54
4.18
N.vestibulocochlearis (V III)................................................................ 122
2.23
Diagnosis radiologi gigi.........................................................................56
4.19
Nervus glossopharyngeus (IX )..........................................................124
2.15
Rahang bawah (Mandibula) dan tulang lidah (Oshyoideum)...... 40
2.16
Gigi-geligi (Dentes) in situ....................................................................42
2.24 Anestesi lokal gigi...................................................................................58
4.20
Nervus vagus (X ).................................................................................. 126
2.25
Sendi rahang (Articulatio temporomandibularis)........................... 60
4.21
N.accessorius (XI) dan N.hypoglossus (XII).................................... 128
2.26
Biomekanik sendi rahang......................................................................62
4.22
Sinopsis lubang-lubang untuk jaras di dasar tengkorak.............130
2.27 Tulang belakang leher........................................................................... 64
4.23
Rangkuman sistem persaratan pada leher dan cabangcabang Nervi spinales......................................................................... 132
4.24
Saraf kranial dan sistem saraf otonom pada leher....................... 134
2.28
Ligamen tulang belakang leh er.......................................................... 66
Organ dan persaratannya
5.39
Kelenjar gondok (Glandula thyroidea) dan kelenjar paratiroid (Glandulae parathyroideae)............................................212
5.1
Telinga (Auris): sinopsis telinga dan suplai darah telinga bagian luar (Auris externa)................................................................. 136
5.40 Topografi dan pencitraan Gl.thyroidea............................................214
5.2
Telinga luar: Auricula, Meatus acusticus externus, dan Membrana tympanica................................................................. 138
Topografi
5.3
Telinga tengah (Auris media): Cavitas tympani dan Tuba auditiva.......................................................................................... 140
6.1
Daerah wajah depan............................................................................216
6.2
Leher bagian ventral: lapisan superfisial........................................ 218
5.4
Telinga tengah: tulang-tulang pendengaran................................ 142
6.3
Leher bagian ventral: lapisan dalam................................................220
5.5
Sinopsis telinga dalam (Auris interna).............................................144
6.4
Lapisan superfisial kepala bagian samping.................................... 222
5.6
Telinga dalam: organ pendengaran................................................. 146
6.5
Lapisan tengah dan dalam kepala bagiansamping.......................224
5.7
Telinga dalam: organ keseimbangan...............................................148
6.6
Fossa infratemporalis (lubang di bawah pelipis)...........................226
5.8
Suplai darah tulang tem poral............................................................150
6.7
Fossa pterygopalatina......................................................................... 228
5.9
Mata: Regio orbitalis, kelopak mata (Palpebrae), dan konjungtiva (Tunica conjunctiva)...............................................152
6.8
Trigonum colli laterale......................................
6.9
Perlintasan di Apertura thoracis superior, segitiga karotis dan daerah leher samping dalam.................................................... 232
5.10 Apparatus lacrimalis.............................................................................154
230
5.11
Bola mata (Bulbus oculi)..................................................................... 156
6.10 Daerah leher belakang dan daerah kepala belakang..................234
5.12
Media-media refraksi pada mata: lensa (Lens cristallina) dan Cornea.............................................................................................158
Gambar penampang
5.13 Iris dan sudut bilik m ata..................................................................... 160 5.14
Selaput jala (Retina)..............................................................................162
5.15
Pasokan darah bola mata................................................................... 164
5.16 Otot mata eksternal.............................................................................166 5.17
Klasifikasi serta jalur pembuluh darah dan saraf rongga mata (orbita)..........................................................................................168
7.1
Potongan frontal: setinggi pinggir Orbita depan dan ruang retrobulbar................................................................................. 236
7.2
Potongan frontal: setinggi ujung piramida Orbita dan Hypophysis.............................................................................................238
7.3
Potongan horizontal: setinggi Orbita, "lantai" atas dan tengah.............................................................................................240
7.4
Potongan horizontal: setinggi Sinus sphenoidalis dan Chonchae nasales mediae ................................................................ 242
7.5
Potongan horizontal: setinggi Nasopharynx dan Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana.................................................... 244
7.6
Potongan horizontal: setinggi Corpus vertebrae CV -V I ........... 246
7.7
Potongan horizontal: setinggi transisi Th II/I ke C V I/V II...........248
7.8
Potongan sagital: potongan median-sagital dengan Septum nasi serta setinggi dinding Orbita m edial......250
7.9
Potongan sagital: setinggi sepertiga orbita sebelah medial dan pertengahan orbita...................................................................... 252
5.18 Topografi O rbita................................................................................... 170 5.19
Hidung (Nasus): sinopsis dan relief mukosa................................. 172
5.20
Pasokan aliran darah dan inervasi Cavum nasi proprium......... 174
5.21
Histologi dan anatomi klinis rongga-rongga hidung.................. 176
5.22
Rongga mulut (Cavitas oris): sinopsis; Palatum durum dan m olle................................................178
5.23
Lidah (Lingua): otot-otot dan membran mukosa......................... 180
5.24
Lidah: jalur pembuluh darah dan saraf serta drainase lim fatik.................................................................................................... 182
5.25
Dasar mulut (Diaphragma oris)......................................................... 184
5.26 Jaringan limfatik cincin Pharynx....................................................... 186
Neuroanatomi
5.27 Tenggorok (Pharynx): o to t-o to t....................................................... 188
Introduksi neuroanatomi
5.28
Pharynx: relief mukosa dan hubungan-hubungan terhadap Basis cranii.................................. 190
1.1
Klasifikasi dan fungsi dasar sistem saraf.........................................256
1.2
Sel, transmisi sinyal, dan susunan morfologisistem saraf.......... 258
5.29
Pharynx: topografi dan inervasi....................................................... 192
1.3
Sinopsis sistem saraf sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh: morfologi dan orientasi spasial.................................. 260
1.4
Perkembangan embrional sistem saraf...........................................262
1.5
Sistem saraf in situ............................................................................... 264
1.6
Sinopsi otak: Telencephalon dan Diencephalon..........................266
1.7
Sekilas tentang otak: Truncus encephali danCerebellum......... 268
1.8
Sinopsis Medulla spinalis................................................................... 270
1.9
Pasokan darah otak dan Medulla spinalis...................................... 272
5.30 Tenggorok: Spatium peripharyngeum dan makna klinisnya.... 194 5.31
Pharynx: jalur pembuluh darah dan saraf Spatium peripharyngeum (lapisan permukaan)............................................196
5.32
Pharynx: jalur pembuluh darah dan saraf Spatium peripharyngeum (lapisan dalam )..................................................... 198
5.33
Kelenjar liu r............................................................................................200
5.34
Larynx: letak, bentuk, dan tulang rawan Larynx............................. 202
5.35
Larynx: relief bagian dalam dan sistematika jalur pembuluh darah dan saraf................................................................. 204
5.36
Larynx: o to t-o to t................................................................................. 206
5.37
1.10 Somatosensoris..............................................................................
274
1.11
Somatomotoris..................................................................................... 276
1.12
Organ indra............................................................................................278
1.13
Prinsip-prinsip pemeriksaan neurologis......................................... 280
Larynx: topografi dan anatomi klinis............................................... 208
5.38 Intubasi endotrakea.............................................................................210
Histologi saraf dan sel glia
8.3
Formatio reticularis...............................................................................348
2.1
Neuron dan rangkaiannya................................................................. 282
8.4
Jaras-jaras descenden dan ascenden...............................................350
2.2
Neuroglia dan m ielin...........................................................................284
8.5
Potongan transversal melalui batangotak: otak tengah (Mesencephalon) dan Pons............................................................... 352
8.6
Potongan-potongan transversal melalui batang otak: Medulla oblongata...............................................................................354
Sistem saraf otonom 3.1
Organisasi sistem saraf simpatis danparasimpatis........................286
3.2
Pengaruh sistem saraf otonom terhadap organ dan rangkaian sentral simpatis................................................................. 288
3.3
Sistem saraf parasimpatis: ringkasan danrangkaian.................... 290
3.4
Nyeri viseral...........................................................................................292
3.5
Sistem saraf viseral...............................................................................294
Cerebellum/otak kecil 9.1
Struktur eksternal...............................................................................356
9.2
Struktur internal................................................................................. 358
9.3
Pedunculi cerebellares dan jaras-jaras otak kecil....................... 360
9.4
Anatomi fungsional yang disederhanakan dan lesi-lesi otak kecil..............................................................................................362
Selaput otak dan Medulla spinalis 4.1
M eninges................................................................................................296
4.2
Meninges dan Septa durae matris................................................... 298
4.3
Selaput otak dan Medulla spinalis beserta ruangannya........... 300
Ruang cairan serebrospinal
Pembuluh-pembuluh darah otak 10.1
Arteri-arteri pemasok dan Circulus arteriosus............................364
10.2
Perjalanan arteri-arteri otak besar pada permukaan otak....... 366
10.3
Daerah pasokan aliran darah ketiga arteri besar otak besar (A.cerebri anterior, media, dan posterior).................................... 368
5.1
Sinopsis................................................................................................... 302
5.2
Sirkulasi liguor dan Cisternae............................................................304
10.4
Arteri batang otak dan otak kecil.................................................. 370
5.3
Organ-organ sirkumventrikular (sekitar-ventrikel) dan barier jaringan di o ta k ................................................................ 306
10.5
Sinus durae matris: keberadaan dan susunan............................372
10.6
5.4
Proyeksi ruang liguor dan struktur otak penting lainnya pada Cranium........................................................................................ 308
Sinus durae matris: aliran pemasok darah vena dan aliran drainase vena tam bahan................................................................. 374
10.7
Vena-vena otak permukaan dan dalam ....................................... 376
10.8
Venae profundae cerebri (vena otak dalam): vena batang otak (Truncus encephali) dan otak kecil (Cerebellum)..............378
Telencephalon 6.1
Perkembangan dan struktur eksternal.............................................310 10.9
Perdarahan intrakranial.................................................................... 380
6.2
Gyri dan Sulci di Telencephalon: permukaan konveks otak dan Basis cerebri.................................................................................. 312
10.10
Gangguan-gangguan sirkulasi serebral....................................... 382
6.3
Gyri dan Sulci di Telencephalon: permukaan otak medial dan insula................................................................................................314
Medulla spinalis dan pembuluh-pembuluh darahnya
6.4
Susunan histologis dan organisasi fungsional Cortex cerebri..................................................................................................... 316
11.1
Ringkasan: konstruksi segmental sumsum tulang belakang (Medulla spinalis)...............................................................................384
6.5
Area kortikal di Neocortex................................................................. 318
11.2
Ringkasan: struktur dan organisasi segmen-segmen Medulla spinalis................................................................................. 386
11.3
Substansi kelabu (Substantia grisea): organisasi internal....... 388
11.4
Substantia grisea (substansi kelabu): lengkung refleks dan komponen instrinsik Medulla spinalis.................................. 390
11.5
Jaras-jaras ascenden di Funiculus anterior tractus spinothalamici.................................................................................... 392
11.6
Jaras-jaras ascenden di funiculus posterior: Fasciculus gracilis dan Fasciculus cuneatus................................. 394
11.7
Jaras-jaras ascenden di Funiculus lateralis: Tractus spinocerebellares................................................................ 396
11.8
Jaras-jaras descenden: Tractus corticospinalis anterior dan lateralis......................................................................................... 398
11.9
Jaras-jaras descenden: jaras-jaras ekstrapiramidal dan otonom ................................................................................................ 400
11.10
Rangkuman sistem-sistem jaras ascenden dan descenden di Medulla spinalis............................................................................ 402
11.11
Pasokan aliran darah arteri............................................................. 404
11.12
Drainase vena.........................
11.13
Topografi..............................................................................................408
6.6
Allocortex: sinopsis...............................................................................320
6.7
Allocortex: Hippocampus dan Corpus am ygdalloideum...........322
6.8
Substantia a lb a ..................................................................................... 324
6.9
Nuclei basales (nuklei basal)..............................................................326
Diencephalon 7.1
Sinopsis dan perkembangan..............................................................328
7.2
Struktur eksternal................................................................................. 330
7.3
Struktur internal: tingkat dan potongan serial..............................332
7.4
Thalamus: daerah-daerah nukleus.................................................. 334
7.5
Thalamus: proyeksi nuklei Thalamus...............................................336
7.6
Hypothalamus....................................................................................... 338
7.7
Hypophysis (Glandula pituitaria)...................................................... 340
7.8
Epithalamus dan Subthalamus....................................
342
Truncus encephali 8.1
Pembagian dan struktur eksternal................................................... 344
8.2
Nuklei saraf kranial, Nucleus ruber, dan Substantianigra.......... 346
406
Otak dalam potongan seksional
13.12
Lesi Plexus brachialis.........................................................................456
12.1
Penampang frontal I dan I I ............................................................. 410
13.13
Lesi Plexus lumbosacralis................................................................ 458
12.2
Penampang frontal III dan IV ..........................................................412
13.14
12.3
Penampang frontal V dan V I...........................................................414
Lesi-lesi Medulla spinalis dan saraf-saraf perifer: d efek-d efek sensorik.........................................................................460
12.4
Penampang frontal VII dan V III......................................................416
13.15
Lesi-lesi Medulla spinalis dan saraf-saraf perifer: d efek m otorik..................................................................................... 462
12.5
Penampang frontal IX dan X ...........................................................418
13.16
Penentuan tingkat (segmental) sebuah lesi spinal....................464
12.6
Penampang frontal XI dan X II.........................................................420
13.17
Sistem visual: bagian genikular..................................................... 466
12.7
Penampang horizontal I dan I I .......................................................422
13.18
12.8
Penampang horizontal III dan IV ................................................... 424
Sistem visual: lesi-lesi bagian genikular dan proyeksi-proyeksi yang non-genikular.........................................468
12.9
Penampang horizontal V dan V I.................................................... 426
13.19
Sistem visual: refleks........................................................................470
12.10
Penampang sagital I—III.................................................................... 428
13.20
Sistem visual: koordinasi gerakan-gerakan bola mata............ 472
12.11
Penampang sagital IV -V I................................................................. 430
13.21
Jaras pendengaran.............................................................................474
12.12
Penampang sagital VII dan V III......................................................432
13.22
Sistem vestibular............................................................................... 476
13.23
Indra pengecap.................................................................................. 478
13.24
Indra peghidu..................................................................................... 480
13.25
Sistem lim bik...................................................................................... 482
13.26
Organisasi korteks, daerah-daerah asosiasi................................ 484
13.27
Dominansi hemisfer..........................................................................486
13.28
Korelasi gejala-gejala klinis dengan temuan anatom ik............488
Sistem fungsional dan korelasi klinis 13.1
Sistem sensorik: ringkasan sistem jara s......................................434
13.2
Sistem sensorik: prinsip-prinsip pengolahan rangsangan......436
13.3
Sistem sensorik: lesi-lesi................................................................. 438
13.4
Sistem sensorik: nyeri...................................................................... 440
13.5
Jaras-jaras nyeri di kepala dan sistem sentral inhibisi nyeri.... 442
13.6
Sistem motorik: rangkuman dan prinsip..................................... 444
13.7
Sistem motorik: jaras piramidal (Tractus pyramidalis)............. 446
13.8
Sistem motorik: daerah-daerah inti motorik............................. 448
13.9
Sistem motorik: sistem ekstrapiramidal-motorik dan lesi-lesi sistem m otorik.................................................................... 450
13.10
Lesi-lesi radikular: rangkuman dan kerusakan-kerusakan sensorik................................................................................................ 452
13.11
Lesi-lesi radikular: kerusakan m otorik.........................................454
SSP: Glosarium dan ringkasan 1.
Glosarium................................................................................................492
2.
Ringkasan ............................................................................................. 498
Lampiran Daftar Pustaka....................................................................................... 539 Indeks...................................................................................................... 541
Lampiran
SSP: Glosarium dan Ringkasan 1. Glosarium 1.1 1.2 1.3
Substantia grisea (substansi kelabu)......................................... Substantia alba (substansi putih)............................................... Sensorik dan motorik; ringkasan Medulla spinalis dan jaras-jaras Medulla spinalis.................................................
Daftar Pustaka................................................................................................ 539 492 494 496
Ringkasan 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19
Jaras-jaras sensorik di Medulla spinalis.................................... Jaras-jaras motorik di Medulla spinalis..................................... Jaras trigeminus sensorik............................................................. Jaras pendengaran (auditorik).................................................... Jaras pengecap (gustatorik)......................................................... Jaras penghidu (olfaktorik)........................................................... Pengendalian inti-inti saraf otak m otorik................................ Pengendalian motorik bola mata............................................... Jaras-jaras di batang o ta k ........................................................... Proyeksi-proyeksi retina............................................................... Ganglion vegetatif dan sensorik di kepala.............................. Rangkaian koordinasi m otorik.................................................... Rangkaian koordinasi otak kecil (Cerebellum)........................ Area-area korteks fungsional...................................................... Jaras asosiasi dan jaras proyeksi................................................ Oliva atas dan bawah serta keempat lemniskus..................... Perangkaian kiri-kanan di SSP: Komisura dan penyilangan.. Inti-inti di Diencephalon dan daerah-daerah inti Thalamus Inti saraf-saraf otak dan inti-inti vegetatif...............................
498 500 502 504 506 508 510 512 ,514 ,516 ,518 .520 ,522 .524 .526 .528 .530 .532 .534
Indeks............................................................................................................... 541
