BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK PERGURUAN TINGGI

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BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK PERGURUAN TINGGI

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BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK PERGURUAN TINGGI

IDARYANI, S.S., M. TESOL

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Judul: Bahasa Inggris Untuk Perguruan Tinggi xvii + 200 hal., 14,8 cm x 21 cm Cetakan Pertama: Tahun 2015 Hak Cipta © dilindungi Undang-undang All Rights Reserved Editor: Idaryani, S.S., M.TESOL Perancang Sampul: Penata Letak: Pracetak dan Produksi: Unimal Press Penerbit:

Unimal Press Jl. Sulawesi No.1-2 Kampus Bukit Indah Lhokseumawe 24351 PO.Box. 141. Telp. 0645-41373. Fax. 0645-44450 Laman: www.unimal.ac.id/unimalpress. Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-602-1373-37-8

Dilarang keras memfotocopy atau memperbanyak sebahagian atau seluruh buku ini tanpa seizin tertulis dari Penerbit

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KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, atas segala rahmat dan hidayah yang telah dilimpahkan-Nya sehinnga diktat/materi pembelajaran matakuliah umum Bahasa Inggris dapat penulis selesaikan dengan baik. Selanjutnya salawat dan salam penulis sanjungkan kepada Rasullulah SAW, beserta keluarga dan para sahabat Beliau yang telah membawa umat manusia dari kegelapan kealam yang penuh ilmu pengetahuan. Pada umumnya kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mahasiswa kita masih rendah dan belum menunjukkan minat yang memadai untuk mempelajari bahasa tersebut baik itu kemampuan produktif maupun kemampuan reseptif. Hal ini bisa disebabkan oleh banyak hal seperti kurangnya kesempatan untuk pelajar bahasa Inggris dalam penggunaan bahasa tersebut. Berdasarkan pemikiran diatas, modul MKDU Bahasa Inggris ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu materi pegangan mahasiswa dalam vi

meningkatkan minat dan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Selain modul ini, diharapkan juga kepada mahasiswa untuk tetap belajar dan mencari sumbersumber referensi lainnya yang dapat mendukung kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mereka. Kepada pembaca tidak dibenarkan untuk memperbanyak buku ini dalam bentuk apapun. Bagi yang berminat memiliki buku ini dapat memesan kepada penulis. Atas perhatian pembaca, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih. Lhokseumawe, Desember, 2015 Penulis, Idaryani, S.S., M. TESOL

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DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR DAFTAR ISI ii I. PART OF SPEECH 1.1 Pengertian Part of Speech (Jenis Kata) 1.2 Verb (Kata Kerja) 1.2.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs ….. 5 1.3 Adjective ……………....... 8 1.3.1 Penggunaan kata adjektiva dalam kalimat 8 1.3.2 Tingkatan kata sifat dan penggunaannya 9 1.4 Noun (Singular and Plural) …….. 11 1.4.1 Jenis-jenis kata benda atau Noun ……. 11 1.4.2 Countable dan Uncountable Nouns 13 1.4.3 Uncountable Noun 13 1.4.4 Pronoun 17 1.5 Adverb (kata keteranngan) 18 1.5.1 Pembentukan kata Adverb 18 1.6 Preposition 19 II.

AKHIRAN KATA 2.1 akhiran kata (word endings) viii

2.1.1 noun endings 2.1.2 verb endings 2.1.3 adjective endings

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III. KALIMAT (SENTENCE) 3.1 Subjek dan Predikat 3.2 Kalimat Berdasarkan Tujuan Penyampaian Informasinya

IV. CREATIVE WRITING 4.1 Pengertian Creative Writing 4.2 Acrobatic Poem V.

TENSES 5.1 Present Tense 5.2 Past Tense 5.3 Present Continues Tense 5.4 Past Continues Tense 5.5 Present Perfect Tense 5.6 Past Perfect Tense 5.7 Future Tense

VI. CONDITIONAL VII. PRACTICING DIALOG VIII. PASSIVE VOICE IX. READING COMPREHENSION X. DAFTAR PUSTAKA APPENDIX

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BAB I PART OF SPEECH 1.1. Pengertian Part of Speech (Jenis Kata) McGregor (2009) menyatakan bahwasanya semua bahasa terdiri dari ribuan kata dengan jenis atau kelas yang berbeda antara satu dengan yang lain. Kata-kata tersebut di klasifikasikan ke dalam beberapa jenis kelas yang berbeda terdiri dari kata kerja (Verb), kata Benda (Noun) dan kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (Adverb). Kata benda adalah

kata

yang

menkhususkan

benda-benda

atau

sejenisnya termasuk manusia, hewan, objek, tempat, dah hal-hal yang bersifat abstrak. Adjektif adalah jenis kata yang mengindikasikan kualitas atau sifat dari suatu barang atau benda baik itu berupa benda hidup ataupun benda mati berdasarkan pada beberapa hal seperti umur, ukuran, warna, kecepatan, dan bentuk.Kata kerja ada kata yang menjelaskan perbuatan atau kegiatan, pernyataan, kejadian, dan proses baik itu berbentuk konkrit atau abstrak. 1.2 Verb (Kata Kerja)

Kata kerja adalah kata menunjukkan perbuatan atau pekerjaan kita atau untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal. Contoh: Write, run, eat, drink, catch, clean, speak, laugh, weep, are some verbs 1

He is writing a letter. Dalam contoh kalimat diatas, kata kerja “write” menjelaskan tentang tindakan/pekerjaan dari subjek (he). Kata kerja “write” mempunyai subjek dan kata kerja tersebut menjelaskan apa yang dilakukan subjek dalam sebuah kalimat. Fungsi kata kerja adalah untuk menjelaskan tindakan ataupun perbuatan yang biasanya disebut “dynamic verb”, seperti write, eat, run, dan speak. Sementara kata kerja yang dan menyatakan perihal sesuatu disebut “stative verb” dan umumnya tidak digunakan dalam tensis continuous. Contoh dari kata kerja tersebut adalah are be, impress, please, surprise, belong to, consist of, resemble, seem. Perhatikan dalam contoh berikut ini untuk penggunaan masing-masing kata kerja tersebut: Examples. He works in a factory(action) I boughta computer. (action) John seems happy. (state) He resembles his brother (state) Sedangkan beberapa kata kerja bisa digunakan sebagai dynamic verb sekaligus juga stative verb.

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Contoh She looks very beautiful. (look as stative verb) She looked at black board. (look as dynamic verb)

Bentuk-bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan penggunaan tensis atau waktu kejadian Ada tiga bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan penggunaan jenis tensis. 1. Base form (kata kerja dasar) 2. Past Simple 3. Past participle

Contohnya kata kerja go—went—gone. “Go” is adalah kata kerja dasar, “went” adalah kata kerja past simple, dan “gone” adalah kata kerja past participle. Ketiga kata kerja biasanya juga dinamakan dengan kata kerja pertama, kata kerja kedua, dan kata kerja ketiga atau sering disingkat V1, V2 dan V3. Sedangkan bentuk “ing” ditambahkan pada bentuk kata kerja dasar untuk penggunaan dalam tensis continous yang kemuadian dapat digunakan dengan pemakaian kata kerja auxiliary verb “to be” misalnya: go—going, eat—eating, laugh—laughing. Pembentukan kata kerja past simple dan past participle Berdasarkan pembentukan kata kerja past simple and past participle, maka kata kerja dapat dibagi dua: Regular verb dan Irregular verb. 3

Regular Verbs. Regular verb adalah bentuk kata kerja past simple dan past participle dengan penambahan “-ed” pada kata kerja dasar contohnya laugh—laughed—laughed, look— looked—looked. Perhatikan contoh lainnya dalam tabel dibawah ini Base Past Past simple Verb form participle atau V2 atau V1 atau V3 To advise Advise Advised advised

Present participle (Countinous) Advising

To allow To enjoy To rain

Allow Enjoy Rain

Allowed Enjoyed Rained

allowed enjoyed rained

Allowing Enjoying Raining

To smile

Smile

Smiled

smiled

Smiling

2) Irregular

Verbs

Sedangkan kata kerja Irregular Verb yang terbentuk menjadi kata kerja past simple and participle dengan penambahan bentuk-bentuk yang berbeda-beda contohnya buy—bought—bought, eat—ate—eaten. Perhatikan contoh lainnya dalam tabel dibawah ini 4

To know To go

Base form atau V1 know go

Past simple atau V2 Knew Went

Past Present participle participle or V3 (continuous) known Knowing gone Going

To drink To hold To write

drink hold wriite

Drank Held Wrote

drunk held written

Verb

Drinking Holding Writing

Sedang kata kerja dibawah ini adalah bentuk kata kerja tetap atau tanpa mengalami perubahan apapun.

To cut To shut To spread

Base form or V1 cut shut spread

Past Past simple Present participle or V2 participle or V3 Cut cut Cutting Shut shut Shutting spread spread Spreading

To put To read

put read

Put Read

Verb

put read

Putting Reading

Main Verbs and Auxiliary atau Helping verbs Sebuah kalimat bisa saja memiliki bentuk kata kerja main verb (kata kerja utama) dan helping verb/ auxiliary 5

(kata kerja bantu). Main verb: Sebuah kata kerja yang memiliki arti sebuah/suatu tindakan atau aksi maka disebut main verb seperti write, buy, eat etc. konsensualisme Auxiliary (Kata kerja bantu atau modal): sebuah kata kerja yang mendukung kata kerja utama atau main verb dalam pembentukan stuktur sebuah kalimat, sesuai dengan tensis tertentu, dinamakan kata kerja bantu atau auxiliary verb seperti: is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.

Main Verbs and Helping verbs (Auxilliary) Sebuah kalimat bias saja memiliki kedua jenis kata kerja; kata kerja utama; kata kerja bantu (auxiliaryverb).Main verb: ataupun kata kerja utama merupakan kata kerja yang mempunyai makna utama yang berhubungan dengan suatu tindakan atau kegiantan , i.e. write, buy, eat etc. Helping verb: Sebuah kata kerja yang membantu kata kerja utama untuk membentuk struktur kalimat (berdasarkan tensis tertentu) dan juga memberikan informasi tentang waktu kejadian dari kata kerja utama, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc. Kata kerja utama atau Main verb mempunyai arti yang sebenarnya dan menjelaskan lebih banyak kegiatan atau perbuatan sedangkan kata kerja bantu tidak memiliki arti dari suatu tindakan saat digunakan sekaligus dengan 6

kata kerja utama. Akan tetapi kata kerja bantu memberikan informasi lebih tentang suatu tindakan atau kegiatan untuk merujuk jenis tensis yang digunakan akan tetapi kata kerja bantu tidak memiliki arti jika berdiri sendiri. Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut ini: She is eating an apple. (“eat” = main verb, “is” = helping verb) She was eating an apple. (“eat” = main verb, “was” = helping verb) Kata kerja utama atau main verb “eat” dalam kalimat diatas menyampaikan informasi tentang tindakan yang dilakukan terhadap buah apel. Sedangkan kata kerja bantu atau helping "is, dan was" menyampaikan tentang waktu dari tindakan yang didasarkan pada jenis tensis. Kata kerja bantu pada kalimat pertama"is" menjelaskan waktu tindakan (eating an apple) yang dilakukan sekarang dan pada saat ini. Sedangkan contoh kalimat kedua, kata bantu "was" menjelaskan waktu tindakan (eating an apple) yang telah dilakukan pada masa lalu. Bisa dikatakan MAIN VERB menjelaskan suatu tindakan atau kegiatan yang hanya memiliki sedikit informasi tentang waktu dari tindakan tersebut. Sedangkan kata bantu modal atau HELPING VERB (juga disebut auxilliary Verb) menjelaskan lebih banyak tentang informasi waktu dari suatu tindakan ataupun kegiatan. Bersama-sama 7

kedua kata tersebut membentuk struktur kalimat dalam bentuk tensis tertentu (action and its time.) Penggunaan helping verbs Ada tiga jenis kata bantu utama yang paling sering dipakai dalam kalimat padasebuah tensis yaitu be, do, and have. Adapun bentuk dari kata bantu Be terdiri dari tiga macam (am, is, are) yang biasanya dipakai dalam tensis continues. Example. She is laughing. (Present Continuous tense). Sedangkan kata bantu Have (have, has, had) biasanya dipakai untuk tensis perfect tense. Example. He has completed his work. (Present prefect tense) He had bought a car. (Past perfect tense) Kata bantu Do (do, does, did) dipakai pada tensis simple tense dan past tense.

Example. They do not play chess. (Present simple tense) I did not see him. (Past simple)

Modal Verbs (Modal auxiliaries) Kata bantu Modal digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu gagasan tentang ability, possibility, intention or necessity. Examples. 8

Can, could (abilit y) May might (possi bility) Will, shall, would (intent ion) Should (nece ssity) Must (necess ity) Ought to

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Kata kerja modal bisa digunakan sebagai kata bantu sebelum kata kerja Examples I can play violin. It may rain today. You must learn the test-taking strategies. I will call you. 1.2.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs 1) Transitive Verbs. Kata kerja transitif adalah jenis kata kerja yang memerlukan objek dalam kalimat karena jika kata kerja tersebut tidak diikuti oleh objek maka makna lengkapnya tidak akan tersampaikan. Example. He bought ______ Contoh kalimat diatas membutuhkan objek dari kata kerja “buy”. Tanpa sebuah objek maka kata kerja utamanya tidak bisa memberikan informasi lengkap. He bought a book. He bought a computer. Contoh lainnya John is eating a mango. He has completedhis work. 10

I caught a bird in bushes. She wrote a story.

2) Intransitive sentence Adalah kata kerja utama yang tidak membutuhkan objek dalam kalimat karena kata kerja tersebut dapat memberikan informasi lengkap tanpa kehadiran objek. Example He slept. She is laughing. It has rained. He is running. They arrived. Task Berikut beberapa contoh kata kerja. Pilahlah mana kata kerja utama transitif dan intransitive dibawah ini:

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1.3 Adjective Adjective atau ajektiva adalah sebuah kata yang memberikan keterangan lebih pada sebuah noun atau pronoun. Contohnya adalah, tall man, old house, red car. Kata“tall, old, red” adalah adjectives yang memberikan keterangan lebih pada kata-kata “man, house, and car”. Kata adjective bisa digunakan lebih dari satu pada kata single noun dalam sebuah kalimat. Sebuah kata adjective memberikan informasi tentang colour, size, characteristic, 14

quality, quantity or personal traits of a noun or pronoun. Examples. The beautiful girl entered into the room. The tall, beautiful girl entered into the room. The tall, thin, beautiful girl entered into the room. The tall, thin, beautiful and intelligent girl entered into the room. White, red, black, green, purple, yellow, orange, brown, and black adalah kata-kata adjectives karena menerangkan warna dari noun or pronoun. Beautiful, pretty, ugly, thin, slim, fat, tall, dan short adalah juga kata adjectives kata-kata tersebut menjelaskan karakter-karakter fisik dari sebuah noun ataupun pronoun. Intelligent, brave, courageous, determined, exuberant dan diligent adalah katakata adjective yang menjelaskan sifat-sifat dari suatu benda noun atau pronoun. 1.3.1 Penggunaan kata adjektiva dalam kalimat. Kata adjective digunakan dalam dua bentuk yaitu sebelum noun dan sesudah kata kerja (setelah stative verbs: seem, look, be feel etc)

1) Sebelum kata noun Examples 15

He ate a delicious mango. She bought a red car. A fat man was running in the street. I saw a cute baby. I don’t like hot tea. They live in a small home. Poor can’t afford expensive clothes. Severe headache and fever are symptoms of malaria. He is facing a difficult problem. Penggunaan kata adjective bisa digunakan juga setelah kata kata kerja atau statitive verb. (i.e. seem, look, sound, taste, appear, feel, be) yang bertindak seperti stative verbs. Example, Iron is hot “Hot” adalah kata adjective dalam kalimat diatas yang muncul setelah kata bantu “is” dan kata bantu “is” berperan sama sebagai kata stative verb. Kata sifat “Hot” yang muncul setelah kata bantu “is” menjelaskan tentang noun (subject) “iron” Examples. Your problem seems difficult. That book was good. This pizza tastes delicious. The story sounds interesting. 16

He is stupid. The man became angry. She looks attractive.

1.3.2 Tingkatan kata sifat dan penggunaannya Terdapat tiga jenis tingkatan kata adjectives 1. Positive Adjective

2. Comparative Adjective

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Superlative Adjective Examples: Positive Big Great

Comparative Bigger Greater

Superlative Biggest Greatest

Short Old Large Happy Lucky Heavy Beautiful

Shorter Older Larger Happier Luckier Heavier More beautiful

Shortest Oldest Largest Happiest Luckiest Heaviest Most beautiful

Horrible Good Bad Little Many

More horrible Better Worse Less More

Most horrible Best Worst Least Most

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Berikut beberapa contoh kata sifat dibawah ini. Ubahlah kata-kata tersebut kedalam bentuk kata sifat comperative dan superlative.

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1.4 Noun (Singular and Plural) Kata benda atau noun adalah kata yang merujuk kepada orang, tempat, ataupun benda atauu sesuatu hal. Contohnya adalah chair, table, book, New York, computer, cup, boy, John, hospital, Newton, garden, room, man, Paris, doctor, dan pen. Kata-kata tersebut merujuk kepada orang, tempat, benda dan suatu hal. Examples: Chair, table, book, cup, computer, picture, (names of things) New York, Paris, Canada, Toronto, school, hospital, cinema, garden, (names of places) 21

John, Newton, R.H Stephen, doctor (names of persons)

Einstein,

man,

boy,

1.4.1 Jenis-jenis kata benda atau Noun Kata benda terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu Common Noun dan Proper Noun. Common Noun adalah kata yang merujuk kepada benda umum atau non-specific thing, contohnya book, pen, room, garden man, girl, road, camera, month, day, chair, school, boy, car. Sedangkan Proper Noun sebaliknya merujuk kepada benda khusus/tertentu, tempat tertentu, atau orang tertentu. Contohnya adalah BMW Car, April, Monday, Oxford University, New York, America, John, Newton, Einstein, R.H Stephen. Jika salah satu dari common noun dirujuk khusus maka akan berubah menjadi proper noun. Contohnya seperti “day” tetapi jika noun tersebut dikhususkan menjadi kata benda Monday or Friday, maka akan berubah menjadi proper noun. Contoh yang serupa lainnya dari common noun adalah car, akan tetapi berubah menjadi proper noun jika dikhususkan misalnya menjadi BMW Car.

1) Gunakan huruf CAPITAL LETTER untuk proper noun pada huruf awalnya. 22

Examples. He lives in Paris. She studies in Oxford University. Author of this book is John Stephen. Laws of motion were presented by Newton The richest person of the world is Bill Gates. 2)

Gunakan partikel “THE” pada kata proper noun.

Partikel/artikel “the” digunakan sebelum kata-kata proper nouns. Berikut adalah cara-cara penggunaan artikel THE; 1. Article “the” tidak digunakan pada nama-nama kota-kota dari sebuah Negara seperti New York, Mexico, Canada, Toronto, London, Paris, America. Akan tetapi jika nama dari suatu Negara atau kota atau tempat menjelaskan kelompok ataupun group dari tempat, tetapi jika nama dari Negara atau tempat menyatakan suatu kelompok atau daratan (lands or states) maka harus digunakan artikel contohnya seperti the Philippines, the Netherlands, the United States

2. Article “the” tidak digunakan sebelum nama-nama universitas contohnya Oxford University, Yale University, atau Columbia University. Tetapi jika nama dari universitas ditulis sejajar dengan 23

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

pemakaian kata “of” maka harus menggunakan artikel “the” sebelum kata universitas contonhya the University of British Colombia, the university of Oxford, the University of Toronto. Artikel “the” digunakan pada kata yang terdiri dari common noun dan proper noun contohnya the New York city, the Dominion of Canada, the River Nile Artikel “The”juga dipakai sebelum kata-kata dibidang hokum, prinsip-prinsip dan toeri-teori (laws, principles, theories or devices) contohnya the Pythagorean Theorem, the Fahrenheit Scale, the Law of Newton, the Allais effect. Akan tetapi jika proper noun dipakai dalam bentuk possessive form, maka artikel tersebut tidak digunakan contohnya Newton’s Laws of Motion, Hooke’s Law of Elasticity, Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. “The” juga digunakan untuk nama-nama dari samudera, laut sungai, gurun ataupun hutan (ocean, sea, river, dessert or forest) kecuali untuk air terjun dan daun(except lakes and fall) contohnya the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Sahara, the Black Forests. “The” digunakan sebelum nama-nama gedung hotel, pustaka (buildings, hotels, libraries having particular names) contonya, the Brunel Hotel, the Lahore Museum, the Library of Congress, “The” digunakan sebelum nama-nama geografis (geographical region) dan titik pada kutup (points 24

on globe) contohnya the Middle East, the West, the Equator, the North Pole 8. “The” juga biasanya digunakan pada nama-nama organisasi seperti the Association of Chartered Accountants, the World Health Organization,

1.4.2 Countable dan Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns adalah kata benda ataupun noun yang dapat dihitung. Contohnya adalah"book" karena kita dapat menghitungnya dan kita bisa mengatakan one book, two books, three books dan seterusnya. Pen, chair, cup, room, man, baby, bottle, dog, cat adalah contoh-contoh lainnya dari katacountable nouns. A countable noun bisa dalam bentuk singular (tunggal) maupun plural (jamak). Article “a”atau “an” digunakan sebelum kata singular. Jika If a singular noun tersebut dimulai oleh huruf konsonan maka “a” harus digunakan yang artinya, i.e. a book, a cat, a pen. Jika singular noun dimulai dengan huruf vocal atau berbunyi vocal maka harus mengguanakan “an” it i.e. an apple, an umbrella, an onion, an hour. Plural noun (kata benda jamak) kata benda jamak atau Plural noun mempunyai arti lebih dari satu contohnya kata “chair” adalah singular noun tetapi “chairs” adalah plural noun. 25

1. Kata

benda Plural biasanya terbentuk dengan adanya penambahan –s atau –es pada kata benda tunggal atau singular noun contohnya book–books, cat–cats, box–boxes, tax–taxes. Jika kata benda tersebut diakhiri oleh huruf “y”, huruf “y” di ubah menjadi huruf “I” kemudian ditambah dengan –es is contohnya baby–babies, lady–ladies. There may be some exceptions. 2. Beberapa bentuk kata jamak juga terbentuk dengan cara lain seperti man–men, child–children, leaf– leaves, wife–wives, foot–feet, toot–teeth, datum– data, basis–bases. Kata-kata jamak tersebuut dinamakan irregular plural forms. 3. Beberapa kata benda lainnya memiliki persamaan dalam bentuk singular dan plural and contohnya seperti sheep–sheep, deer–deer, swine–swine. 1.4.3 Uncountable Noun Uncountable noun merupakan kata kerja tidak dapat dihitung contohnya water. Kita tidak dapat mengatakan one water atau two water contoh lainnya adalah milk, bread, honey, rain, furniture, news, information, pleasure, honesty, courage, weather, music, preparation, warmth, wheat. 1)

Penggunaan Uncountable Noun

Uncountable nouns biasanya dianggap sebagai singular noun untuk penggunaan kata bantu auxiliary dalam 26

sebuah kalimat akan tetapi artikel “a or an” tidak dipakai sebelum kata uncountable noun. Examples Water maintains its level. Necessity is the mother of invention His preparation was not good. The Weather is very pleasant today. This information is very helpful in solving the problem. The warmth of sun causes evaporation of water. Uncountable nouns juga bisa dipakai sebagai countable noun untuk merujuk kepada ‘sesuatu-tunggal’ contohnya kata life adalah uncountable noun tetapi bisa dipakai sebagai countable noun jika merujuk pada individu atau hidup. Example. It was feared that two lives had been lost. Kata-kata “some, any, no, little, more etc” bisa ditambah dalam kalimatsebelum kata uncountable nouns jika memang diperlukan. Examples They have no information about the accused. There is little milk in the glass. 2) Mengubah Uncountable nouns menjadi countable nouns 27

Uncountable noun dapat diubah menjadi countable noun jika bertujuan untuk mengkhusukan satuan atau standarisasi jumlah contohnya“water” sebagai uncountable noun, dapat diubah dengan menambahkan ‘one’ glass of water’ atau ‘two glass of water’ dan seterusnya. Selain one glass kita juga bisa menambahkan satuan jumlah lainnya seperti ‘one litre of water’ atau ‘one cup of water’ dan seterusnya. Examples Uncountable – countable Bread – a piece of bread. Wheat – a grain of wheat. Milk – a glass of milk Information – a piece of information

Perhatikan contoh-contoh kata benda dalam tabel dibawah ini. Table a

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Table b 29

1.4.4 Pronoun 30

Pronoun adalah pengganti dari kata benda (orang) yang terdiri dari e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its dan seterusnya. Contoh pada kalimat ‘John is an intelligent student. Kata ganti ‘John’ berubah menjadi He dan kalimat tersebut menjadi ‘He goes to school daily, He studies a lot, He is making preparation for examination, He will get high marks examination. Examples. He, she, it, they, you, I, we, who, him, her, them, me, us, whom, his, its, their, your, mine, our and whose, myself, himself, herself , yourself, which, this, that these, those (semuanya adalah pronoun, untuk lebih jelas tentang pronoun lihat APPENDIX). Pronoun bias dibagi dalam beberapa kelompok berikut ini. Personal Pronouns: e.g. I, you, He, she, it, they, who, me, him, her, them, whom Possessive Pronouns: e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, Reflexive Pronouns: e.g. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, themselves Reciprocal Pronoun: e.g. each other, one another Relative Pronouns: e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that Demonstrative Pronoun: e.g. this, these, that, those

31

1.5 Adverb (kata keteranngan) Adverb adalah kata yang memberikan informasi tambahan pada kata kerja, kata adjektiva atau pada kata adverb lainnya. example, He replied. He replied quickly. Kata “quickly” adalah adverb yang memberikan informasi tambahan pada kata kerja. Selain itu, adverb juga bisa digunakan untuk memberikan keterangan tambahan pada kata adjective atau jenis-jenis kata lainnya kecuali untuk kata benda. Examples (adverbs modifying verbs) He was driving carelessly. John can speak French fluently. They live happily. Marry is laughing loudly. He goes to school daily. We sometimes get confused. He met me yesterday. Guests will come here. Examples (adverbs modifying adjectives) Note: kata-kata yang dicetak tebal (pada contoh dibawah

32

ini) adalah adverb dan kata-kata yang digarisbawahi adalah kata adjektiva. It is a very difficult problem. He is seriously ill. This book is really nice. The story of “crazy man” was truly funny. You are too weak to walk. Examples (adverbs modifying other adverbs). Note: Note: kata-kata yang dicetak tebal (pada contoh dibawah ini) adalah adverb dan kata-kata yang digarisbawahi adalah kata adverb. . John drives very slowly. He was talking too much angrily. He ran fast enough to catch the bus. They live very happily.

1.5.1 Pembentukan kata Adverb Ada beberapa cara pembentukan kata adverb. Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan langkah-langkah dibawah ini:

1. Pada umumnya kata adverbs dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran “-ly” pada kata adjectives seperti happily, easily, quickly, angrily, correctly, fluently, proudly, loudly, rapidly, immediately etc 2.

Hanya beberapa kata adverbs yang perlu ditambahkan akhiran “-ly” seperti fast, slow, deep, far, hard, high, 33

wrong, right, low, well, tight, straight, there, here, close, late, very, too, not

Examples. Adverbs of Adverbs of Manner Place Happily Here

Adverbs of Adverbs of Time Frequency Now Sometimes

Sadly Easily Rudely Loudly Fluently Rapidly

There Near Somewhere Outside Inside Ahead

Then Yesterday Today Tomorrow Late Early

Often Usually Seldom Frequently Daily Generally

Angrily Greedily Wildly

High Top Bottom

Again Tonight Soon

Occasionally Again and again Never

Jenis-jenis Adverb Adverb berfungsi memberikan informasi pada kata kerja sebagai berikut:    

Dimana suatu tindakan atau kegiatan terjadi Berapa kali atau berapa banyak tindakan atau kegiatan terjadi Pada saat kapan tindakan atau kegiatan terjadi Intensitas dari tindakan atau kegiatan 34

Adverbs dikatagorikan berdasarkan informasi diberikan dalam beberapa katagori sebagai berikut: 1. 2. 3. 4.

yang

Adverbs of manner Adverb of place Adverb of time Adverb of frequency

1.6 Preposition Preposition adalah kata yang menunjukkan hubungan antara kata benda atau pronoun dan kata lainnya dalam kalimat, e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc. Preposition selalu digunakan sebelum kata noun atau pronoun yang menunjukkan hubungan dari dari katakata tersebut dengan kata-kata lain dalam kalimat. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini:

Subject + Verb

Preposition Noun

The cat was sleeping

on

table

He lives

in

Paris

She looked

at

Stranger.

He will come

in

January.

Wedding ceremony will be held

on

20th December. 35

I was waiting

for

you

Someone is knocking

at

The door.

She came

by

bus.

1)

Prepositions dapat dibagi dalam beberapa katagori sebagai berikut:

Preposition untuk time e.g. in, on, at, etc. Preposition untuk place e.g. in, on, at, etc Preposition untuk direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc. Preposition untuk agent e.g. by Preposition untuk device, instrument atau machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc Prepositions yang digunakan setelah kata verbs untuk membentuk prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, laugh at

Prepositions untuk Time. (in, on, at) Perhatikan contoh-contoh Preposition untuk waktu dalam kotak berikut ini (in, on at). Preposition Time Nature In 1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 36

3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present On

1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,

At

1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

Examples. He was born in 1945. She will go to New York on 25th of March. The concert will begin at 7 O’clock. He gets up early in the morning. We enjoyed a lot in the summer. The president will deliver speech to public on Independence Day. She received a lot gifts on her birthday. Where were you at the lunchtime? I will call you at 12 A.M

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Preposition untuk Place (in, on, at) Prepositions “in, on, at” biasanya digunakan untuk tempat yang berbeda-beda. preposisi“In” selalu digunakan untu tempat yang memiliki batasan baik itu secara fisik ataupun maya. Sedangkan kata preposition “On” digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat diatas permukaan. Preposition Place Nature Place having some boundary (physical or In virtual boundary) Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard On

Surface of something. Examples. On a table On blackboard On a page On the wall On the roof 38

On a map At

Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

Examples She lives in New York. Students study in library. The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall. There are some books on the table. The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard. He was flying kite on the roof. Her parents were waiting for her at the entrance of school There was a huge gathering at bus stop. His house is at the end of street.

Preposition untuk Direction (to, toward, through, into) Prepositions seperti; to, towards, through, into, digunakan untuk menjelaskan arah. Examples. She went to the library. He jumped into the river. 39

He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

Preposition untuk Agent. (by) Preposition for agent digunakan untuk sesuatu/hal yang disebabkan oleh hal lainnya. Examples. This book is written by Shakespeare. The work was completed by him. The room was decorated by her. The tub is filled with water.

Preposition untuk device, instrument atau machine. Perbedaan penggunaan preposition didasarkan pada alat, instrument, atau mesin e.g. by, with, on etc. Examples She comes by bus daily. He opened the lock with key Prepositional Verb Prepositional phrase merupakan gabungan dari kata kerja dan preposition atau berupa kata kerja yang diikuti oleh preposition. Prepositional Phrase = Verb + Preposition

40

Hanya beberapa kata kerja yang membutuhkan preposition tertentu dalam kalimat atau disebut juga prepositional phrase. Example He knocks at the door. Prepositional Verbs adalah kata kerja transitive yang memiliki objek yaitu laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to Examples. She is listening to music. She looked at the blackboard. We believe in God. They were waiting for the teacher. Do you agree with me? Do you agree to my proposal? Someone is knocking at the door. You should not rely on her.

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BAB II AKHIRAN KATA

2.1 Akhiran Kata (Word Endings) Selain contoh dari jenis-jenis kata dari kata kerja (KK), kata benda (KB), dan kata sifat (KS) pada bab sebelumnya (bab I), juga terdapat jenis-jenis kata yang pembentukannya berasal dari penambahan bentuk akhiran (endings) terhadap kata tersebut atau dikenal dengan istilah word endings. Word Endings dalam bahasa Inggris adalah akhiran yang biasa digunakan untuk mengubah atau membentuk suatu kata menjadi jenis kata tertentu, misalnya jenis kata yang dasarnya adalah kata kerja dengan penambahan akhiran tertentu akan berubah jenisnya menjadi selain kata kerja sesuai dengan bentuk akhiran yang dilekatkan pada kata tersebut. Berikut ini adalah bentuk-bentuk akhiran yang lazim digunakan untuk mengubah jenis suatu kata dengan melekatkan akhiran tertentu. 2.1.1 Noun Endings 42

Untuk akhiran yang dipakai untuk kata benda KB (noun) terdiri dari 2 macam; pertama adalah bentuk akhiran yang dipakai untuk membentuk suatu kata menjadi kata benda khusus untuk orang(Person); kedua adalah akhiran yang dilekatkan untuk membentuk kata benda (KB) yang ditujukan untuk benda/barang (thing) baik itu benda yang bersifat konkrit ataupun abstrak. Perhatikan tabel-tabel dibawah ini: Tabel A: Noun Endings untuk barang /benda (Thing) Noun (thing) Examples Verb words Endings (Kata dasarnya) -ism - socialism social - nce - excellence excel - ness - Sadness Sad - ion - information Inform - ship - friendship Friend -ty - beauty -age - marriage Marry -ment -development Develop

Tabel di bawah ini adalah macam-macam akhiran yang dipakai untuk kata benda yang diperuntukkan untuk orang (person) yang lazim di gunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Tabel B: Noun Endings untuk orang (person) Noun (person) Examples Verb words Endings (Kata dasarnya)

43

-er - or - ist - cian

- employer - actor - artist - musician

employ act art music

2.1.2 Verb Endings Berikut ini adalah bentuk-bentuk akhiran yang lazim digunakan untuk mengubah jenis suatu kata dengan melekatkan akhiran tertentu menjadi kata kerja. Verb Endings Examples words (Kata dasarnya) -en - soften soft - ate - populate - ize - memorize memory - ify - justify justice

2.1.3 Adjective Endings Untuk jenis kata adjective, ada beberapa akhiran yang dapat ditambahkan untuk mengubah suatu kata menjadi kata adjective. Perhatikan tabel dibawah ini. Adjective Examples words (Kata Endings dasarnya)

44

-ent - ant - ful - ic - less -al -ous - ive -able -ible

- excellent - important - careful - economic -careless -natural - dangerous - expensive - capable -impossible

soft memory justice

TASK A. Describing the pictures (any kind of pictures)

Please create the words as many as possible and clasify into Adjective, Verb, and Noun Based on the pictures below by answering the following question : 1. How many class of word do you find from each picture below? And what are they? 2. What do you thing about the pictures? (please answer in sentences, at least three sentences for each picture) Picture one

45

Picture two 46

Picture three

47

B. Kerjakanlah soal-soal dalam table berikut ini dengan menggunakan akhiran (endings) yang tepat pada setiap kata yang tersedia dalam tabel dibawah.

Akhiran Noun (thing) 1. Member _____________ 2. Kind ______________ 3. Real ______________ 4. Move ______________ 5. Human ______________

_______________

9. Alcohol

_______________

10. Pemanent

_______________

11. Mile

_______________

12. Confusion

_______________

13. Leader

48

6. Elect _______________ ______________ 7. Break _______________ ______________ 8. Intellengence _______________ ______________

14. Sudden 15. Improve 16. Equal

Akhiran Noun (person) 1. Teach _______________ ______________ 2. Type _______________ ______________ 3. beauty _______________ ______________ 4. ideal _______________ ______________ 5. invent _______________ ______________ 6. clinic _______________ ______________ 7. special _______________ ______________ 8. ranch _______________ ______________

9. perfection 10. Program 11. electricity 12. Confusion 13. Investor 14. builder 15. natural 16. mathematics

Adjective endings 1. Heart _______________ ______________

9. courage

49

2. nature _______________ ______________ 3. athlete _______________ ______________ 4. mystery _______________ ______________ 5. help _______________ ______________ 6. impress _______________ ______________ 7. intellengence _______________ ______________ 8. comfort _______________ _____________

10. Use 11. enthusiasm 12. Tradition 13. change 14. permanence 15. natural 16. Motion

Akhiran Verb ending 1. Dark _______________ ______________ 2. final _______________ ______________ 3. just _______________ ______________ 4. investigation _______________ ______________ 5. separation _______________ ______________ 6. short _______________ ______________ 7. intense _______________ ______________

9. Different 10. identify 11. Light 12. glamour 13. person 14. Sweet 15. liberal 50

8. industrial _______________ Demonstration ______________

16.

C: Gabungan Akhiran Kelompokkan kata-kata dibawah ini sesuai akhiran yang tepat sebagai kata benda untuk benda/barang (Noun-Thing (NT) atau kata benda untuk orang (Noun-person (NP), kata kerja (Verb (Verb), dan kata sifat (Adjective (ADJ). 1. _________ Heighten 11. ________ desertification 2. _________ Forgetful 12. ________ submissive 3. _________ Imprealism 13. ________ noctural 4. _________ Effusive 14. ________ establishment 5. _________ Cashier 15. ________ impertinent 6. _________ Colunmist 16. ________ Togetherness 7. _________ Aggrevate 17. _______ Confirmation 8. _________ Glamourous 18. ________ Pharmacist 9. _________ Vintage 19. ________ Craftmanship 10. _________ Statistician 20. ________ personify 51

D: Gabungan Akhiran Kerjakanlah soal-soal dibawah ini dengan memilih salah satu jawaban yang benar. 1. The ______ of the news could not be stressed enough. a. Important b. Importance c. importantly 2. The detective ______ that the maid committed the robbery. a. Theorized b. Theoritician c. c. Theory 3. It is ______ that they live so close to the school. 4. The patient responded ______ to the medication. a. Weaken b. b. Weakness c. c. weakly 5. The psychologist explained his ideo on ______ interaction. a. Social b. b. Society c. c. socialize 6. Not everyone wants a job as ______ . a. Mortal b. b. Mortally c. c. Mortician 7. You should not ______ the problem. a. Minimal b. b. Minimize c. c. minimally 8. Because of the traffic ______ , he had to appear in court. a. Violate 52

b. b. Violator c. c. violation 9. The children ran ______ toward the entrance of the part. a. Excitely b. b. Excited c. c. excitement 10. The company was unable to ______ enought profit to stay in business. a. Generator b. b. Generate c. c. generation 11. She picked up a piece of ______ rock. a. Volcano b. b. Volcanize c. c. volcanic 12. He responded ______ to the rude question. a. Explosively b. b. Explotion c. c. explosively 13. Because your medical problem is serious, you need to see a ______ . a. Specialize b. b. Special c. c. specialist 14. The coach was able to ______ the athletes to perform better. a. Motivate b. b. Motivator c. c. motivation 15. He was not concerned about the ______ of his actions. a. Careless b.Carelessness c. carelessly 53

16. This portion of the report should be completed ______ if the other part. a. Independence b. b. Independent c. c. independently 17. The view of the mountains was ______ . a. Magnify b. Magnificent c. magnification 18. It was necessary for the speaker to ______ her message. a. Clarify b. b. Clarity c. c. clarification 19. The ______ of the village was the soldiers’privmary goal. a. Liberate b. b. Liberation c. c. liberal 20. He gave an ______ incorrect anwser to the question. a. Obvious b. b. Obviously c. c. obviate

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BAB III KALIMAT (SENTENCE) Kalimat adalah kumpulan kata-kata yang mengungkapkan gagasan penuh yang minimal terdiri dari unsur subjek dan predikat. Example He bought a car Pada kalimat “book a read him” bukanlah sebuah kalimat lengkap dan masuk akal sehingga tidak dapat dikatakan sebuah kalimat. Jadi sebuah kalimat atau sentence adalah kombinasi kata-kata yang terdiri dari subjek dan kata kerja yang mengungkapkan topik pikiran secara penuh. Sebuah kalimat dimulain dengan huruf capital dan diakhiri dengan tanda titik, tanda tanya, ataupun tanda seru. Examples He goes to school. She is eating an apple. My name is John. What are you doing?

55

Who are you? What a beautiful flower! 3.1 Subjek dan Predikat 1) Subjek

Bagian dari sebuah kalimat yang melakukan suatu tindakan dinamakan subjek. Sebuah subjek bisa terdiri dari noun, pronoun, noun clause atau noun phrase. Examples He is flying a kite. John is driving a car. She ate an apple I wrote him a letter. 2) Predicate

Adalah bagian dari kalimat yang menjelaskan subjek kalimat. Examples He is flying a kite. John is driving a car. She ate an apple I wrote him a letter. Example.

56

3.2 Kalimat Berdasarkan Tujuan Penyampaian Informasinya Berdasarkan jenis informasinya kalimat bias dibedakan kedalam empat jenis kalimat; assertive ataupun declarative sentence, integrative sentence dan imperative sentence. 1) Assertive atau Declarative Sentence Assertive atau Declarative Sentence adalah kalimat yang memberikan pernyataan atau tekanan yang diakhiri oleh tanda titik seperti seperti pada contoh kalimat dibawah: He goes to school. He likes to play chess. They are singing a song. 2)

Interrogative Sentence

Introgative sentence adalah sebuah kalimat yang menanyakan pertanyaan dan diakhiri oleh tanda Tanya seperti seperti pada contoh kalimat dibawah; Where are you going? 57

Do you use your laptop? 3)

Imperative Sentence

Imperative Sentence adalah kalimat yang menjelaskan suatu permintaan, perintah atapun nasihat seperti pada contoh kalimat dibawah: Open the door! (an order; Please help me. (a request). 4)

Exclamatory Sentence

Exclamatory sentence adalah kalimat yang mengungkapkan perasaan yang kuat atau emosi yang dalam dan diakhiri oleh tanda seru. Kalimat-kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejutan, kesenangan, kesedihan, penghargaan, cinta, ketertarikan, frustasi, marah dan sebagainya seperti pada contoh kalimat dibawah: What a beautiful flower it is! How nicely she is singing!

That is fantastic! Hurrah! We won the match!

BAB IV CREATIVE WRITING 4.1 Pengertian Creative Writing Creative writing adalah jenis tulisan yang dapat dipoles dan dibuat semenarik mungkin untuk 58

menarik minat pembaca. Creative writing bisa ditulis bebas tanpa harus mengikuti aturan tertentu seperti dalam tulisan atau karangan ilmiah akan tetapi bertujuan untuk tetap menarik minat sipembaca. Dengan kata lain Creative writing bisa juga dikatakan segala bentuk ataupun jenis tulisan berupa ungkapan perasaan.

Artikel

berita

misalnya

tidak

dapat

dikatagorikan sebagai bentuk creative writing karena artikel tersebut tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menyajikan fakta yang ada dan bukan sebaliknya mengungkapkan isi perasaan.

Walaupun terkadang

berita bersifat menghibur akan tetapi tujuan utamanya tetap untuk menyampaikan fakta. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan creative writing adalah bersifat menghibur sekaligus saling berbagi pengalaman seperti pengalaman romantic ataupun kesedihan ataupun kehilangan. Yang harus diingat dalam menulis creative writing adalah anda harus mencoba mengungkapkan perasaan atau pikiran dengan menggunaan imajinasi anda. Adapun jenisjenis creative writing adalah sebagai berikut: 

Poetry 59



Plays



Movie and television scripts



Fiction (novels, novellas, and short stories)



Songs



Speeches



Memoirs



Personal essays Jadi dapat dikatakna bahwa beberapa jenis

karya tulis non-fiksi dapat digolongkan sebagai creative writing. Memoirs dan personal essays, contohnya

bias

mengekspresikan

ditulis

dengan

kehidupan

and

kreatif

untuk

secara

kreatif

kepada pembaca karena jenis tulisan tersebut ditulis secara pribadi. 4.2 Acrobatic poem Acrobatic poem adalah salah satu jenis dari creative writing. Istilah lain dari acrobatic poem adalah acrostic poem. Jenis tulisan ini hanya memakai aturanaturan yang sederhana dalam penulisannya. Ada lima langkah yang harus diperhatikan dalam menulis acrostic/acrobgatic poem yaitu:

1. Tentukan apa yang akan ditulis.Decide what to write about. 2. Tulislah kata-kata tersebut secara vertical. 3. Rumuskan kata-kata atau phrasa yang akan dipakai untuk mengungkapkan gagasan anda. 60

4. Pakailah hasil dari rumusan kata-kata atau phrasa segaris yang dimulai oleh huruf yang sama. 5. Dan tulislah setiap kata yang merujuk ke setiap huruf awal 6. Now let me show you how to follow these steps. Contoh Acrostic Ice Cream Ice Cream I love every flavor. Cookies & Cream. English Toffee. Chocolate Chip. Rocky Road. Even Strawberry and Almond Fudge. Mmmmmmmm. HOMEWORK ACROSTIC Homework Hard to do Overwhelming, M Every day Writing O Reading for hours. Yang harus diingat adalah: 1. Acrostics bisa ditulis tentang apa saja. can be about anything! 61

2. Bisa menggunakan satu kata, phrasa ataupun sebuah kalimat penuh. Lihatlah beberapa contoh lainnya dibawah ini: 1) Nama

MARIA Mother Aching feet Retired Independent Active KAREN Kind and considerate Always cleaning up after her children Relaxes by watching T.V Eats a lot of junk food Needs to exercise more 2) Auto-biographical poems

First name Four words to describes yourself ______of______ (describe a relationship) ______of______ (describe another relationship) Who loves ________________________ (3 things, places or people) Who admires ______________________ (3 people) Who gives __________________ (3 things) Who needs __________________ ( 3 things) Who fears ________________ (3 things) Who feels _______ about __________ Who would like to see ___________ (3 things) Who dreams of ________________ Who aspires ______________ (3 things) 3) Grammar Poems 62

Templete Noun 2 adjectives 3 Gerunds (Verb +ing), 1 Complete sentence 4) Synonym of Noun

WAR Sad, Destructive, Killing, injuring, destroying, A thing that kill life Terminator RIVER Clear, wonderful Slapping, whirling, flowing The river is cold. Water DOVE Active, free Flying, sitting, cooing, A dove is free bird 5) Complete Sentence (Name)

IDARYANI I = I love my parents and family D= I am sometimes very doubtful person A= I always try to do the best for my life, family, and my religion R = I like raining season Y = I like to eat yolk of egg A = I am sometimes very ambitious person 63

N = I never want to hurt people I = I like to be indulged Task A. B.

Please make other example of acrobatic poem Please underline the subject, verb or adjective in the sentences by making acrobatic poem based on your name

Contoh IDARYANI I=I love my parents and family Sub Verb D= I am sometimes very doubtful person Sub Verb Adj A= I always try to do the best for my life, family, and my religion Subj Verb R=I like raining season Subj Verb Y=I like to eat yolk of egg Subj Verb A=I am very ambitious person sometimes Subj Verb Adj N=I never want to hurt people Sub Verb I=I like to be indulged Subj Verb

64

BAB V TENSES

Ada beberapa jenis tenses yang paling sering dipakai oleh penutur bahasa Inggris dalam percakapan sehari-hari yaitu present tense, past tense, present continuous tense, past continous tense, future tense, present perfect tense, that past perfect tense. 5.1 Present Tense

Present tense adalah tensis yang merupakan bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Bentuk kata kerja ini paling sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa KINI. Ingat, PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang. Rumus present tense: Positif: S + V1 (s/es). Perhatikan contoh pemakaiannya dalam tabel dibawah ini: Subject Verb You

Write (object ) 65

They We I

Go

Subject She He

Verb (s/es) Writes (object ) Goes

It

Rumus present tense: Negatif + NOT + V1.

: S + DO/DOES

Perhatikan contoh pemakaiannya dalam tabel dibawah ini: Subject

You They We I Subject

Modal (Auxiliary)

Verb

Write (object) Do not / Don't Go Modal (Auxiliary)

Verb

She Doesnot / Write (object) Doesn't He Go It Rumus present tense: Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1 (?)

66

Perhatikan contoh pemakaiannya dalam tabel dibawah ini: Modal (Auxiliary) Do

Modal (Auxiliary) Does

Subject

Verb

You They We I Subject

Write (object)

She He

Write (object) ?

It

Go Verb

Go ?

Penggunaan tensis present tense dengan pemakaian kata nominal atau non-verb, maka digunakan kata kerja tobe untuk membentuk kalimat. Adapun tobe yang biasa dipakai dalam kalimat tensis ini adalah is, am, dan are. Perhatikan rumus berikut ini dan contoh penggunaanya dalam kalimat:

Positif (+) Subject You They We I

To be

Nominal/nonVerb

Are Happy am 67

She Is

He

Clever

It Negatif (-) Subject You They We I She He

To be + Not

Nominal/nonVerb teacher

Are not/ aren’t Sad Am not/ ‘m not

Happy

Is not/ isn’t Clever

It

Introgrative To be

Are Am Is

Subject

You They We I She

Nominal/non-Verb/ Adjective + ? A teacher ?

Happy ?

He It

Clever ? 68

Untuk lebih jelas, perhatikan dan bacalah fungsi dan contoh-contoh kalimat simple present dalam tabel berikut ini dan garis bawahi subjek dan kata kerjanya: Fungsi

Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense He always consume s low GI rice. (Dia selalu mengonsumsi beras rendah GI.)

Simple present tense untuk menyatakan habitual action (kebiasaan) dimana sering digunakan adverb of frequency (always, often, usually, every day/week, month, all the time, etc) sebagai time signals.

She sends much money to her parents in the village every month. (Dia mengirimkan banyak uang kepada orangtuanya di desa setiap bulan.)

Factual (kebenaran umum/fakta yang tak terbantahkan)

The sun rises from the east and sets in the west. (Matahari terbit dari ufuk timur dan tenggelam di ufuk barat.) 69

Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius. (Air mendidih pada suhu 100 derajat celcius.) I live in Jakarta. (Saya tinggal di Jakarta) Simple present tense digunakan untuk membuat simple statement yang berlaku general (berlaku kapan saja) maupun tidak general (menggunakanve rb be).

She is so beautiful. (Dia sangat cantik.) He’s angry. (Dia marah.) [tidak general: terjadi sekarang] She loves dancing. (Dia suka menari.) I see tears in your eyes. (Saya melihat air mata di matamu.)

Simple present tense menggunakan stative verb (non-action verb) untuk menyatakan perasaan (feeling), indera (sense), pikiran (mental state), dan kepemilikan (possession)

We agree with the speaker’s opinion. (Kami setuju dengan pendapat pembicara tersebut.) 70

My brother owns a new house. (Saudaraku memiliki rumah baru.) The ship leaves the harbour this night at 7 o’clock. (Kapal meninggalkan pelabuhan malam ini jam 7.) Simple present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan rencana atau jadwal di masa depan namun memiliki jangka waktu dekat dengan sekarang. Umumnya membicarakan tentang transportasi atau event. Verb yang biasa digunakan antara lain: arrive, come, &leave.

Simple present tense digunakan untuk memberikan instruksi atau serial aksi.

He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm. (Dia tiba dari Osaka jam 1 siang.) The ceremony starts at nine. (Upacara dimulai jam sembilan.) You add a glass of coconut milk into a pan and then boil it. (Kamu tambah segelas santan ke dalam panci lalu rebus.) 71

You go straight ahead then turn left. (Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)

5.2 Past Tense Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya persitiwa itu telah diketahui. Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis"to be 2" and "verb 2". 1)

Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat verbal

Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang telah dilakukan diwaktu lampau dan selesai pada saat itu juga atau untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau. Berikut adalah Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB) pada kalimat positif (+) negatif (-) dan introgrative (?): 72

Contoh:  You called Daniel  Did you call Daniel ?  You did not call Daniel. Note: Pada kalimat negative dan interrogative Kata kerja “call” tidak ditulis dalam bentuk Verb II karena sudah ada did sebagai penanda lampau sehingga kata kerja “call” ditulis dalam bentuk Verb I. Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan rumus-rumus berikut ini: Positif (+) Subject

Verb 2 You

Wrote (object )

They

Went

We I She He It

Negatif (-) 73

Subject You They We I She He It

Modal (Auxiliary) Did not / Didn't

Verb Write (object ) Go

Introgrative (?) Modal (Auxiliary) Did

2)

Subject You They We I She He It

Verb Write (object ) Go ?

Fungsi Simple Past (non verb) Tensis simple past pada kalimat nominal (non

verb) biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan diwaktu lampau tetapi tidak berlangsung lagi sekarang. 74

contohnya:

When I was young, I worked hard To Be 2 terdiri dari: was & were (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut) Positif Subject You They We I She He It

To be 2

Nominal/non-Verb

Were Happy

Was

Clever

Negatif Subject

To be 2

You They

Were not

Nominal / nonVerb

75

We I She He It

Happy

Was not

Clever

Introgative To be 2

Were not

Was not

Subject You They We I She He It

Nominal/nonVerb?

Happy ?

Clever ?

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan contoh-contoh lebih lanjut pada kalimat – kalimat yang terdapat dalam tabel berikut ini: + ?

?

I was a singer 5 years ago. We were a singer 5 years ago. I was not a singer 5 years ago. We were not a singer 5 years ago. Were you a singer 5 years ago? Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not Where were you last night? Jawaban: I was at home. Why was she absent yesterday? 76

Jawaban: She was sick yesterday

Adapun keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam kalimat Simple Past Tense adalah: yesterday, last night, last week, yesterday morning, an hour ago, two days ago. CATATAN: VERB 2 hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif saja. DID digunakan pada kalimat tanya. DID NOT (DIDN'T) digunakan pada kalimat negatif. TO BE 2 (Was & Were) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB) TASK 1. Garis bawahilah subjek dan kata kerja dalam cerita singkat berikut ini : Wolfgang Amadeuz Mozart w as an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 500 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died.

2. Buatlah 10 kalimat past tense lain dalam bentuk positif, negatif dan introgative. Garisbawahilah subjek dan tobe dari kalimat tersebut.

contohnya: She finished my homework in the library yesterday. 77

S

V2

O

Ket. Waktu

They worked with me two months ago. S V2 Ket. Waktu 5.3 Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous Tense adalah

bentuk

waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung saat sekarang. Present Continuous Tense menggunakan kata kerja dalam bentuk gerund (Verb + Ing). Perhatikan rumusnya sebagai berikut: Positif (+) Subject You They We I She He

To be

Verb + Ing

Are Eating (Eat + Ing) Am Is

Singing (Sing + Ing)

It

Negatif (-) Subject

To be + Not

Verb + Ing 78

You They We I She He

Are not/ aren’t Am not

Eating (Eat + Ing)

Is not/ isn’t

Singing (Sing + Ing)

It Introgrative (?) To be are Are Am Is

Subject You They We I She

Verb + Ing +? Eating (Eat + Ing)

Singing (Sing + Ing)

He It

TASK A. Garisbawahilah subjek, tobe, gerund (v. Ing) objek dan adverb of time (k. Ket. Waktu) dari kalimat dibawah ini: 1. Am I playing 3. Are they reading cricket? 2. Is he driving a car?

their lessons? 4. I am listening to the news 79

5. You are washing your clothes 6. She is riding on horse 7. They are playing football. 8. It is raining

13. It is not raining. 14. Am I listening to the news? 15. Are you washing your clothes? 16. Is she riding on a horse?

9. I am not listening to

17. Are they playing

the news. 10. You are not washing your clothes. 11. She is not riding on a horse.

football? 18. Is it raining? 19. He is not driving a car 20. They are not reading

12. They are not playing

their lessons.

football.

B. Buatlah 10 kalimat present continuous lain dalam bentuk positif, negatif dan introgative. Garisnbawahilah subjek, tobe, dan gerund (v. Ing) dari kalimat tersebut.

5.4 Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau. Past continuous tense menggunakan kata kerja dalam bentuk gerund (Verb + Ing) dan TO BE 2 80

yang terdiri dari was & were. Perhatikan rumusnya sebagai berikut: Positif (+) Subject You They We I She

To be

Verb + Ing

were Eating (Eat + Ing) was Singing (Sing + Ing)

He It

Negatif (-) Subject You They We I She He

To be + Not

were not/ weren’t was not / wasn’t

Verb + Ing

Eating (Eat + Ing)

Singing (Sing + Ing)

It Introgrative (?) To be

Subject

Verb + Ing +? 81

Were Was

You They We I She

Eating (Eat + Ing) ?

Singing (Sing + Ing) ?

He It

TASK A. Garisbawahilah subjek, tobe, gerund (v. Ing) objek dan adverb of time (k. Ket. Waktu) dari kalimat dibawah ini: 1. Was she crying 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

yesterday? Were they climbing on a hill? They were laughing at the joker. He was taking exam last month You waiting for him yesterday She was working in a factory. It was raining

8. They were not

9. 10.

11.

12.

laughing at the joker. He was not taking exam last month You were not waiting for him yesterday. She was not working in a factory. It was not raining yesterday.

yesterday. 82

13. Were they laughing at the joker? 14. Was he taking exam last month? 15. Were you waiting for him yesterday? 16. Was she working in a factory?

B.

17. Was it raining yesterday? 18. She was not crying yesterday. 19. They were not climbing on a hill. 20. I was not driving BMW two weeks ago

Buatlah 10 kalimat past continuous lain dalam bentuk positif, negatif dan introgative. Garisbawahilah subjek dan tobe dari kalimat tersebut.

Perbandingan Past Continues dan Past Tense Untuk selanjutnya, perhatikan contoh-contoh dibawah ini dan bandingkan penggunaanya dengan jenis tensis yang lain: 83

5.5 Present Perpect Tense Tensis present perfect digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu tindakan yang sudah terjadi dan selesai pada saat itu dalam kurun waktu yang belum begitu lama dan masih ada kaitannya dengan 84

kegiatan pada saat ini. before now (near past) not a very long time before now. Catatan: Menggunakan Auxiliary verb “has or have” dan bentuk kata kerja ke tiga. Positive Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject Jika subjek kalimat “He, She, It, singular atau proper name” maka digunakan kata kerja auxiliary“has” setelah subjek. Jika subjeknya “You, They atau plural” maka digunakan kata kerja auxiliary “have” setelah subjek. Examples I have eaten meal She has learnt a lesson Negative Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject Examples 85

I have not eaten meal. She has not learnt a lesson. Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle) + Subject • Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject Kalimat interrogative dimulai dengan kata kerja auxiliary. Jika subjeknya He, She, It, singular atau proper name” maka dimulai dengan kata kerja auxiliary“has”. Jika subjek kalimat “You, They atau plural” maka dimulai dengan kata kerja “have”. TASK A . Jawablah beberapa pertanyaan berikut ini : 1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan present perfect tense ? 2. Adakah kata kerja tobe yang di pakai dalam tensis ini? Jika ada sebutkan. 3. Adakah bentuk kata modal yang dipakai? Jika ada sebutkan. 4. Bentuk kata kerja apa yang dipakai dalam tenses tersebut? 5. Apa bedanya dengan tenses yang sudah kalian pelajari sebelumnya (simple present dan past tense) ?

B. Garisbawahilah subjek, tobe, gerund (v. Ing) objek dan adverb of time (k. Ket. Waktu) dari kalimat dibawah ini. 86

1. Have I eaten meal ? 2. Has she learnt a lesson? 3. They have gone to school. 4. They have bought a new car.

12. I have not started a job. 13. It has not rained. 14. The guests have not arrived. 15. John has not left for home.

5. I have started a job. 6. It has rained. 7. The guests have arrived. 8. John has left for home.

16. You have not told a lie. 17. Have they gone to school? 18. Have they bought a new car?

9. You have told a lie. 10. They have not gone to school.

19. Have I started a job? 20. Has it rained?

11. They have not bought a new car.

87

Perbandingan Present Perfect tense dengan past Test Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan penjelasan dibawah ini:

88

5.6 Past Perpect Tense It is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past. For example, I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago) The students had gone before the teacher came. (The first part of sentence “The student has gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense) Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence Structure of sentence. Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object 89

• Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object Examples. He had taken the exam last year A thief had stolen my watch. Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object •Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object “Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence. Exercise: A. He had not taken the exam last year A thief had not stolen my watch. Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object • Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” Examples. 90

Had he taken the exam last year Had a thief stolen my watch? More Examples Positive sentences They had visited a doctor. He had slept. I had finished my work last year. It had rained heavily last month. The film had started before we reached cinema. Negative sentences They had not visited a doctor. He had not slept. I had not finished my work last year. It had not rained heavily last month. The film had not started before we reached cinema. Interrogative sentences Had they visited a doctor? Had he slept? Had I finished my work last year? Had it rained heavily last month? Had the film started before we reached cinema.

91

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan penjelasan dibawah ini

Task A. Jawablah beberapa pertanyaan berikut ini : 1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan past perfect tense ? 2. Bentuk kata kerja apa yang dipakai dalam tenses tersebut? 92

3. Sebutkan perbedaan antara present perfect tense dan past tense! Jelaskan. 4. Apa bedanya dengan tenses yang sudah kalian pelajari sebelumnya?

B. Auction

1. Please prepare 15 sentences on a sheet of paper in form of continues tenses: some should be grammatically correct and the others should be wrong 2. Divide the students into small groups 3. The students have to decide which sentences are correct and which are not and the teacher as the auctioneer and auction off 15 sentences 4. The students have to buy the correct sentence not the wrong one. Correct the wrong one 5. The students who buy the largest number of correct sentence will be the winner 6. Please analyse the subject, verb and adjective (if any) in every sentence

5.7 Future Tense

Future Tense adalah bentuk waktu

yang

digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang akan dilakukan dimasa mendatang. Future Tense menggunakan jenis Auxiliary (kata kerja modal) will" dan "Verb 1". Berikut ini adalah 93

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Future Tense yang pada kalimat positif (+) negatif (-) dan introgrative (?): positif (+) Subject You They We I She He

Modal Verb (Auxiliary) Will Write (object ) Will

Go Drink (object )

It

Negatif Subject

You They We I She He It

Modal Verb (Auxiliary) Will + Not Write (object ) will not / won't

Go

Drink (object )

Introgative 94

Modal (Auxiliary)

Will

Subject

Verb

You They

Write (object) ?

We I She

Go ? Drink (object ) ?

He It

Perhatikan kalimat dibawah ini Positive sentences Negative sentences He will start a He will not start a business. business. She will send me a She will not send letter. me a letter. I will give you a I will not give you pen tomorrow a pen tomorrow Students will take Students will not exams at the end of take exams at the end of semester. semester. They will buy a They will not buy a new car. new car. The Pattern of The pattern of exam will change next exam will not change year. next year. 95

Interrogative sentences Will he start a business? Will she send me a letter? Will I give you a pen tomorrow?

Will students take exams at the end of semester? Will they buy a new car? Will the Pattern of exam change next year?

TASK Buatlah 10 kalimat future lain dalam bentuk positif, negatif dan introgative. Garisnbawahilah subjek dan tobe dari kalimat tersebut.

Perbedaan Penggunaan Will dan Going To Pada dasarnya penggunaan will dan going to sama-sama memiliki menyatakan tentang rencana atau tindakan yang akan dikerjakan pada masa mendatang. Akan tetapi ada sedikit perbedaan maksud dan makna yang terkandung dari penggunaan will dan going to. Untuk lebih jelas, perhatikan penggunaan kedua bentuk tersebut pada penjelasan dan contoh dibawah ini:

96

TASK A.

Buatlah 10 kalimat dengan pemakaian will dan going to

B.

Pilihlah jawaban yang benar pada kalimat dibawah ini dengan memilih kata will atau going to 97

1. A: The phone is ringing. B: I …….. take it.

a. wil

a. will

6. I personally predict that …….. be the next president. a. will

b. am going to

2. A: I can’t hear the radio. B: Ok, I ……. turn it up. a. will b. am going to 3. A: What ……. do this weekend? B: I have no idea.

b. is going to

b. is going to 7. A: What’s you plan for this summer holiday? B: I ……. visit New York. a. will

a. will you b. am going to b. are you going to 4. A: Why are you taking my pencil? B: I …….. write a letter. a. willb. am going to 5. She …….. visit us next month.

8. A: Excuse me, do you know where the Professor Aditama’s room is? B: I don’t know, but I think that guy …….. help you to show it. a. will

98

b. is going to 9. I ……. find a work as soon as I graduate from this school. a. will b. am going to

10. A: I am sure she …….. come. B: Ok. a. will b. is going to

99

BAB VI CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Bentuk kalimat kondisional atau pengandaian "if" biasanya terbagi dua bagian. Yang pertama menunjuk ke sebuah hasil dan bagian lainnya menyajikan suatu keadaan berdasarkan hasil. Contoh "He gets angry if he doesn't get what he wants," He gets angry = hasil if he doesn't get what he wants = kondisi Ada dua jenis kalimat kondisional: real dan unreal. Real conditional merujuk kepada situasi yang benar atau ada kemungkinan terjadi. Unreal conditional adalah kalimat yang mengungkapkan pada situasi yang tidak nyata, bersifat hipothesis atau tidak mungkin terjadi atau biasanya bertentangan dengan fakta yang ada. 1) Real Conditional

Kalimat real conditional terdiri dari dua jenis. Jenis pertama hasilnya dapat diketahui dan hasilnya dapat terjadi jika kondisinya terpenuhi. Pada jenis kalimata ini kata “If” dapat diganti dengan when, whenever, atau every time selama arti dari kalimat tersebut tidak berubah. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini: 100

If she studies, she gets good grades. (When / Whenever / Every time she studies, she gets good grades.) If he's relaxed, he feels more confident. (When / Whenever / Every time he's relaxed, he feels more confident.) Note: ‘If ‘ bisa diletakkan di awal atau ditengah kalimat kondisional. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini: Contoh : If she studies, she gets good grades. / She gets good grades if she studies. If he's relaxed, he feels more confident. / He feels more confident if he's relaxed.

Perhatikan contoh-contoh dalam tabel dibawah ini:

101

TASK 1. Buatlah 10 kalimat yang menggunakan tenses tersebut

102

2. Buatlah karangan tentang keluarga, campus, pengalaman tak terlupakan, ataupun sesuatu yang istimewa sebanyak 100 kata.

103

BAB VII PRACTICING DIALOG Peragakanlah dialog di bawah ini dengan temanmu kedepan kelas.

A. conversation between 2 friends Laurie: So, what are your Laurie: That sounds like plans for this weekend? a good idea. Maybe we should go out to eat beforehand. Christie: I don’t know. Do you want to get together or something? Sarah: It is fine with me. Where do you want to Sarah: How about going meet? to see a movie? Cinemax 26 on Carson Boulevard Christie: Let’s meet at is showing Enchanted. Summer Pizza House. I 104

have not gone there for a long time. Laurie: Good idea again. I heard they just came up with a new pizza. It should be good because Summer Pizza House always has the best pizza in town. Sarah: When should we meet?

remember Karen? We met her at Sara’s high school graduation party two years ago. Laurie: I do not quite remember her. What does she look like? Sarah: She has blond hair, she is kind of slender, and she is about your height.

Christie: Well, the movie Laurie: She wears is shown at 2:00PM, eyeglasses, right? 4:00PM, 6:00PM and 8:00PM. Sarah: Yes, and she was playing the piano off and Laurie: Why don’t we go on during the party. to the 2:00PM show? We can meet at Summer Laurie: I remember her Pizza House at noon. That now. Yes, do bring her will give us plenty of time along Sara. She is such a to enjoy our pizza. nice person, and funny too. Sarah: My cousin Karen is in town. Can I bring her Sarah: She will be happy along? I hate to leave her to meet both of you again. home alone. Christie: What is she Christie: Karen is in doing these days? town? Yes, bring her along. Laurie, you 105

Sarah: She graduated last June, and she will start her teaching career next week when the new school term begins. Laurie: What grade is she going to teach? Sarah: She will teach kindergarten. She loves working with kids, and she always has such a good rapport with them. Christie: Kindergarten? She must be a very patient person. I always think kindergarten is the most difficult class to teach. Most of the kids have never been to school, and they have never been away from mommy for long.

not be too difficult to teach kindergarten. Christie: You are right. The kids might even look forward to going to school since they have so many friends to play with. Sarah: There are so many new things for them to do at school too. They do a lot of crafts in kindergarten. I am always amazed by the things kindergarten teachers do. Laurie: Yes, I have seen my niece come home with so many neat stuff. Christie: Maybe we can ask Karen to show us some of the things that we can do for this Halloween.

Sarah: I think Karen will do fine. She knows how Laurie: Maybe we can to handle young children. stop by the craft store after the movie. What do Laurie: I think the first you think, Sara? few weeks will be tough. However, once the Sarah: I will talk to her. I routine is set, it should think she will like that. It 106

will help her with school projects when Halloween comes. Christie: Michael’s is a good store for crafts. It always carries a variety of things, and you can find almost anything there. Laurie: There is a Michaels store not far away from Cinemax 26. I

believe it is just around the corner, on Pioneer Avenue. We can even walk over there. Sarah: So, we plan to meet for pizza at noon, go to the movies at two, and shop at Michael’s afterward. Right? Laurie and Christie: Yes.

Perhatikan kata-kata yang dipakai dalam percakapan diatas Get together

Off and on

It sounds like a good idea

What is she doing these days?

Once the routine is set

Come up with

Teaching career

Look forward to

She is in town

School term

Craft

Bring someone along

Kindergarten

School project

Have a good rapport with

Beforehand

107

A variety of things

It is around the corner

B. Conversation about an afternoon in the kitchen Debbie: Mom, I am home. Mrs. Anderson: How was school? How did you do on the test? Debbie: School was OK, and I did great on the test. Mom, I was so worried about that test, but now I feel great. What a relief! Mrs. Anderson: I am glad to hear that. You have been studying so hard the past few weeks. Now, you can relax and enjoy life. Debbie: What are you cooking? It smells so good.

Mrs. Anderson: I am baking cakes. This is your favourite carrot cake. Debbie: It looks really yummy. And I see muffins over there too. You were busy, weren’t you? Mrs. Anderson: Yes. Jeff has to take something to school tomorrow. So, those muffins are for him. Don’t touch them. Debbie: Can I have a piece of carrot cake? I want to enjoy life right now. Mrs. Anderson: You don’t want to wait until after dinner? 108

Debbie: It looks inviting, and I bet it is delicious. No, I don’t want to wait. Can I, mom? Mrs. Anderson: OK, go ahead. Debbie: Did you see the new recipe that was posted on Today Cooking’s website? I believe it was called Scrumptious Pie. Mrs. Anderson: No, I did not. But I want to try that recipe. Your dad loves pie. Debbie: So do I. Mrs. Anderson: So does Jeff. Our whole family is crazy about pie. Debbie: When do you want to try the new recipe? I want to learn too. Should we bake a cherry pie or an apple pie?

Mrs. Anderson: Since this is the cherry season, let’s make a cherry pie. Tomorrow, I will get some cherries at the supermarket, and we can start baking in the afternoon when you get home from school. Debbie: I need to finish a science project, and I will not get home until 3:30. Will it be too late to start baking, mom? If it is, you can start without me. Mrs. Anderson: 3:30 PM is fine. I will prepare dinner early, and then I will have everything ready for our baking session before you get home. Debbie: Make sure that we still have enough sugar and eggs, mom. It seems like you were using a lot of sugar and eggs baking the cakes and muffins today. 109

Mrs. Anderson: Don’t worry. We still have plenty of sugar and a lot of eggs, enough to make at least ten pies. Debbie: Ten pies, huh? Ten sounds like a good number, but let’s not overdo it. Let’s make nine and a half pies instead. Mrs. Anderson: OK, we will make nine and a half pies tomorrow. No more, no less. Debbie: It is a deal. Mrs. Anderson: Enough about baking pies. I need to start working on today’s dinner. It is three o’clock already. Your dad and Jeff will be home soon. I am sure they will be very hungry and will want dinner right away.

Mrs. Anderson: I will make roast beef and cream of mushroom soup. Debbie: It has been a long time since you made cream of mushroom soup. Do you need any help, mom? Mrs. Anderson: No, go do your homework and leave the cooking to me. Debbie: Thanks, mom. Call me whenever dinner is ready. I do not want to be late for roast beef, cream of mushroom soup, carrot cake and muffins. Mrs. Anderson: The muffins are for Jeff. Do not touch them! Debbie: I know, mom. Just kidding

Debbie: What do we have for dinner tonight? 110

. Perhatikan kata-kata ataupun ungkapan yang digunakan dalam percakapan diatas I feel great What a relief! Enjoy life It is a piece of cake It looks inviting It is delicious Go ahead So do I Be crazy about something 111

In the afternoon Get home from school Don't worry! Let's not overdo it No more, no less It is a deal It has been a long time since Do you need any help? Leave the cooking to me Just kidding TASK A. Please make a dialog in pair with topic ‘Stranded in never-land island’

If Your ship has sunk and you must choose 10 items to survive! What items will you choose? Discuss with your friends why you choose the items. Matches

compass

sugar 112

Soft drinks Blanket

ointment eggs

Flare

camera

umbrella Fishing pole block Ropes glasses Whiskey Frying pan Dress Fresh water Coffee Flour mattress Cooking oil Knife lifejacket Fork Tooth brush chair

salt raincoat

a can of beans

sun

maps

sun

axe gun kitchen utensil tent pencil jar

onion garlic torch boots

mobile phone chili first aids kit

bowl

tooth paste tea

mirror folding

B. Please make another dialog in pair with choosing other topic you like e.g your bad/good experience, your family, your campus, or your special thing/people) C. Auction

1. Please prepare 15 sentences on a sheet of paper in form of continues tenses: some should be grammatically correct and the others should be wrong 2. Divide the students into small groups 113

3. The students have to decide which sentences are correct and which are not and the teacher as the auctioneer and auction off 15 sentences 4. The students have to buy the correct sentence not the wrong one. Correct the wrong one 5. The students who buy the largest number of correct sentence will be the winner 6. Please analyse the subject, verb and adjective (if any) in every sentence Note: For upcoming week every students is expected to bring the pictures about rainy season

114

BAB VIII PASSIVE VOICES Perhatikan contoh-contoh passive voice dalam berbagai tense pada tabel dibawah ini:

115

TASK Buatlah 10 kalimat passive voice lain dalam bentuk positif, negatif dan introgative. Garisnbawahilah subjek dan tobe dari kalimat tersebut.

116

BAB VIII READING COMPREHENSION I.

Rainy Season

Perhatikan gambar-gambar dibawah ini

A. Please discuss and answer the following questions related to the pictures above:

117

1. Discuss the factors that cause the flood when the rainy season comes ? 2. What should/ should not you do to prevent the flood when rainy season comes ? 3. What are the effects of rainy season to you and your environment? 4. What the disadvantages of flood? 5. What are the advantages/disadvantages of rainy season? 6. What do you usually do during rainy season? (excited/ bored activities) why? 7. Please describe the condition during rainy season and what do you think about this season?

B. Bacalah teks berikut ini dan jawablah pertanyaan selanjutnya

Weather and Climate of Indonesia Because of its proximity to equator, Indonesia has tropical climate. Generally, the weather is hot and humid. Indonesian climate is divided into two distinct seasons: dry and rainy seasons. Most of Indonesia has their rainy seasons from October through April, but

certain

places

like

Maluku have theirs from March to August. During the rainy season, rain starts around noon and lasts into the 118

afternoon. Some areas can have sudden showers for more than

two

hours.

The dry season does not mean that there are no rains. In fact tropical showers in a dry season's afternoon is a regular affair. The average annual precipitation is 1800mm. The temperature is almost constant except for the exceptionally rainy season's nights, when it can drop. The temperature on the coast is about 28° C Celsius and drops dramatically in the highlands. For instance, in the highlands of Irian Jaya, temperatures at night can drop to about 7° C, while during daytime they reach to about 22° C. Exercise Please discuss and answer the following questions related to the passage above: 1. What is the topic of passage? 2. When does the rainy season happen in Indonesia? 3. Does the raining also happen dry season? 4. What is the average temperature during dry season in coastal area? Does it the same with with highlands? 5. Please identify the following bolded words wether as Verb (V), Noun-person (NP), Noun-thing (NT) and adjective (ADJ):

119

Because of its proximity to equator, Indonesia has tropical climate. Generally, the weather is hot and humid. Indonesian climate is divided into two distinct seasons: dry and rainy seasons. Most of Indonesia has their rainy seasons from October through April, but certain places like Maluku have theirs from March to August. During the rainy season, rain starts around noon and lasts into the afternoon. Some

areas

can have sudden showers

for more than two hours. The dry season does not mean that there are no rains. In fact tropical showers in a dry season's afternoon is a regular affair. The average annual precipitation is 1800mm. The temperature is almost constant except for the exceptionally rainy season's nights, when it can drop. The temperature on the coast is about 28° C Celsius and drops dramatically in the highlands. For instance, in the highlands of Irian Jaya, temperatures at night can drop to about 7° C, while during daytime they reach to about 22° C. 6.

Please identify the the tenses of each sentences in the following passage. You have to underline the subject, the verb, or adjective in every sentences. 120

1. Because of its proximity to equator, Indonesia has tropical climate. 2. Generally, the weather is hot and humid. 3. Indonesian climate is divided into two distinct seasons: dry and rainy seasons. 4. Most of Indonesia has their rainy seasons from October through April, but certain places like Maluku have theirs from March to August. 5. During the rainy season, rain starts around noon and lasts into the afternoon. 6.

Some

areas

can have sudden showers for more

than two hours. 7. The dry season does not mean that there are no rains. 8. In fact tropical showers in a dry season's afternoon is a regular affair. 9. The average annual precipitation is 1800mm. 10. The temperature is almost constant except for the exceptionally rainy season's nights, when it can drop. 11. The temperature on the coast is about 28° C Celsius and drops dramatically in the highlands. 12. For instance, in the highlands of Irian Jaya, temperatures at night can drop to about 7° C, while during daytime they reach to about 22° C.

121

II.

Ramadan

Ramadan is a special time for Muslims across the world. Falling in the tenth month of Shawwal, the Islamic calendar, it was at this time of the year when the Angel Gibril revealed to the Prophet Mohammed Allah’s will and so were written the very first verses of the Holy Qur'an. The month of Ramadan is spent fasting from dawn to dusk everyday - it is a time to introspect, reflect and reinforce the bond between the Almighty and the faithful. Ramadan culminates in the festival of Eid-ul-Fitr when the period of restraint ends in an extravagant explosion of joy, festivities and feasting. The devout gather together to offer Eid prayers and greet each other in a rejuvenated

spirit

of

cama

raderie. Eid is a day of thanksgiving, of peace, of 122

remembrance, of charity and of forgiveness, celebrated amidst great jubilation once the delicate silver sliver of the crescent moon has been sighted. The festival of Eid-ul-Fitr forges fraternal and communal love, self-discipline and commitment to Allah.

Exercise A. Please answer some following question: 1. What is the topic of the paragraph? 2. What is the first passage tell you about? 3. What is the second passage tell you about? 4. When does Ramadhan happen according to Islamic calender? 5. What does moslem do during ramadhan? 6.

Can a moslem eat and drink on daylight during Ramadhan?

7. What do you think if there is a muslim eat and drink during daylight? 8. What was your experience for last Ramadhan? 9. What is Eid day ? what do you do during Eid day of idul fitri? 10. How do celebrate your Eid day? Please tell us your previous and the most excited Eid day of Idul Fitri ? B. Please identify the following bolded words as Verb (V), Noun-person (NP), Noun-thing (NT) and adjective (ADJ): 123

Ramadan is a special time for Muslims across the world. Falling in the tenth month of Shawwal, the Islamic calendar, it was at this time of the year when the Angel Gibril revealed to the Prophet Mohammed Allah’s will and so were written the very first verses of the Holy Qur'an. The month of Ramadan is spent fasting from dawn to dusk everyday - it is a time to introspect, reflect and reinforce the bond between the Almighty and the faithful. Ramadan culminates in the festival of Eid-ul-Fitr when the period of restraint ends in an extravagant explosion of joy, festivities and feasting. The devout gather together to offer Eid prayers and greet each other in a rejuvenated

spirit

of

cama

raderie. Eid is a day of thanksgiving, of peace, of remembrance, of charity and of forgiveness, celebrated amidst great jubilation once the delicate silver sliver of the crescent moon has been sighted. The festival of Eid-ul-Fitr forges fraternal and communal love, self-discipline and commitment to Allah.

C. Please identify the the tenses of each sentences in the following passage. You have to underline the subject, the verb, or adjective in every sentences. 124

1.

Ramadan is a special time for Muslims across the world.

2.

Falling in the tenth month of Shawwal, the Islamic calendar, it was at this time of the year when the Angel Gibril revealed to the Prophet Mohammed Allah’s will and so were written the very first verses of the Holy Qur'an.

3.

The month of Ramadan is spent fasting from dawn to dusk everyday - it is a time to introspect, reflect and reinforce the bond between the Almighty and the faithful.

4.

Ramadan culminates in the festival of Eid-ul-Fitr when the period of restraint ends in an extravagant explosion of joy, festivities and feasting.

5. The devout gather together to offer Eid prayers and greet each other in a rejuvenated spirit of cama raderie. 6. Eid is a day of thanksgiving, of peace, of remembrance, of charity and of forgiveness, celebrated amidst great jubilation once the delicate silver sliver of the crescent moon has been sighted. 7. The festival of Eid-ul-Fitr forges fraternal and communal love, self-discipline and commitment to Allah. 125

III.

ORANGUTAN

The Malay word orangutan means "person of the forest." These long-haired, orangish primates, found only in Sumatra and Borneo, are highly intelligent and are close relatives of humans. Orangutans have an enormous arm span. A male may stretch his arms some 7 feet (2 meters) from fingertip to fingertip—a reach considerably longer than his standing height of about 5 feet (1.5 meters). When orangutans do stand, their hands nearly touch the ground. Orangutans' arms are well suited to their lifestyle because they spend much of their time (some 90 percent) in the trees of their tropical rain forest home. They even sleep aloft in

126

nests of leafy branches. They use large leaves as umbrellas and shelters to protect themselves from the common rains. These cerebral primates forage for food during daylight hours. Most of their diet consists of fruit and leaves gathered from rain forest trees. They also eat bark, insects and, on rare occasions, meat. Orangutans are more solitary than other apes. Males are loners. As they move through the forest they make plenty of rumbling, howling calls to ensure that they stay out of each other's way. The "long call" can be heard 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) away. Mothers and their young, however, share a strong bond. Infants will stay with their mothers for some six or seven years until they develop the skills to survive on their own. Female orangutans give birth only once every eight years— the longest time period of any animal. The animals are longlived and have survived as long as 60 years in captivity. Because orangutans live in only a few places, and because they are so dependent upon trees, they are particularly

susceptible

to

logging

in

these

areas.

Unfortunately, deforestation and other human activities, 127

such as hunting, have placed the orangutan in danger of extinction. Exercises A. Please answer the following question related to the passage above 1. What is the topic of the passage? 2. Where can you find orangutan? 3. Where does orangutan spend their most of time? 4. What does orangutan usually eat? 5. When does usually orangutan find the food? 6. What do leaves function for orangutan? 7. How long can a orangutan survive in preservation? 8. How long does a female orangutan give a birth? 9. What is the factor that put orangutan in danger of extinction? 10. What do you thing about orangutan? Have you ever seen them?

128

B. Please identify the the tenses of each sentences in the following passage. You have to underline the subject, the verb, or adjective in every sentences.

The Malay word orangutan means "person of the forest." These long-haired, orangish primates, found only in Sumatra and Borneo, are highly intelligent and are close relatives of humans. Orangutans have an enormous arm span. A male may stretch his arms some 7 feet (2 meters) from fingertip to fingertip—a reach considerably longer than his standing height of about 5 feet (1.5 meters). When orangutans do stand, their hands nearly touch the ground. Orangutans' arms are well suited to their lifestyle because they spend much of their time (some 90 percent) in the trees of their tropical rain forest home. They even sleep aloft in nests of leafy branches. They use large leaves as umbrellas and shelters to protect themselves from the common rains. These cerebral primates forage for food during daylight hours. Most of their diet consists of fruit and leaves gathered from rain forest trees. They also eat bark, insects and, on rare occasions, meat.

129

Orangutans are more solitary than other apes. Males are loners. As they move through the forest they make plenty of rumbling, howling calls to ensure that they stay out of each other's way. The "long call" can be heard 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) away. Mothers and their young, however, share a strong bond. Infants will stay with their mothers for some six or seven years until they develop the skills to survive on their own. Female orangutans give birth only once every eight years—the longest time period of any animal. The animals are long-lived and have survived as long as 60 years in captivity. Because orangutans live in only a few places, and because they are so dependent upon trees, they are particularly susceptible

to

logging in

these

areas.

Unfortunately, deforestation and other human activities, such as hunting, have placed the orangutan in danger of extinction. C. Please identify the the tenses of each sentences in the following passage. You have to underline the subject, the verb, or adjective in every sentences.

1. The Malay word orangutan means "person of the forest." 130

2. These long-haired, orangish primates, found only in Sumatra and Borneo, are highly intelligent and are close relatives of humans. 3. Orangutans have an enormous arm span. 4. A male may stretch his arms some 7 feet (2 meters) from fingertip to fingertip—a reach considerably longer than his standing height of about 5 feet (1.5 meters). 5. When orangutans do stand, their hands nearly touch the ground. 6. Orangutans' arms are well suited to their lifestyle because they spend much of their time (some 90 percent) in the trees of their tropical rain forest home. 7. They even sleep aloft in nests of leafy branches. 8. They use large leaves as umbrellas and shelters to protect themselves from the common rains. 9. These cerebral primates forage for food during daylight hours. 10. Most of their diet consists of fruit and leaves gathered from rain forest trees. They also eat bark, insects and, on rare occasions, meat. 131

11. Orangutans are more solitary than other apes. 12. Males are loners. 13. As they move through the forest they make plenty of rumbling, howling calls to ensure that they stay out of each other's way. 14. The "long call" can be heard 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) away. 15. Mothers and their young, however, share a strong bond. 16. Infants will stay with their mothers for some six or seven years until they develop the skills to survive on their own. 17. Female orangutans give birth only once every eight years—the longest time period of any animal. 18. The animals are long-lived and have survived as long as 60 years in captivity. 19. Because orangutans live in only a few places, and because they are so dependent upon trees, they are particularly susceptible to logging in these areas.

132

20. Unfortunately, deforestation and other human activities, such as hunting, have placed the orangutan in danger of extinction. IV.

Why Does the Durian Fruit Smell So Terrible?

If you’ve smelled a durian even once, you probably remember it. Even with the husk intact, the notorious Asian fruit has such a potent stench that it’s banned on the Singapore Rapid Mass Transit. Food writer Richard Sterling has written “its odor is best described as…turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock. It can be smelled from yards away.”

133

A small minority, though, love the smell and taste of the

fruit. Anthony

Bourdain

calls

it “indescribable,

something you will either love or despise…Your breath will smell as if you’d been French-kissing your dead grandmother.” The fruit’s flesh is sometimes eaten raw, or is cooked and used to flavor a number of traditional Southeast Asian dishes and candies. It’s also used in traditional Asian medicine,

as

both

an

anti-fever

treatment

and

a aphrodisiac. Our “Off the Road” blog profiled a pair of intrepid travelers on a year-long journey planned around tasting different varieties of durian. What everyone can agree on is that the fruit’s odor, whether pleasant or dreadful, is uncommonly potent. Now, in a new study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, a group of scientists from the German Research Center for Food Chemistry has attempted to figure out how exactly the fruit produces such a powerful stench. In breaking down aroma extract, taken from Thai durians, with a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph, the team, led by Jia-Ziao Li, pinpointed 50 discrete compounds in the fruit responsible for its uncommon aroma. 134

Those compounds included eight that hadn’t been detected in durians before—and four compounds that had been completely unknown to science. Their analysis suggests that it is not any single compound but instead the mixture of different chemicals that produces the fruit’s powerful stench. The compounds are identified by their chemical formulas, which are likely cryptic to anyone without a degree in organic chemistry (1{sulfanyl}ethanethiol, for example), but the research team associated each one with a particular odor. What’s interesting is that none of the compounds individually seem to match with the characteristic durian smell—they range widely, and include labels like fruity, skunky, metallic, rubbery, burnt, roasted onion, garlic, cheese, onion and honey. A number of them have been detected in just a few other substances, such as cooked beef, yeast extract, dried squid and leeks. Somehow, the combination of these 50 chemicals produces the powerful scent that has entranced and repulsed people the world over.

135

Even apart from the smell, durians are a scientific marvel. According to a 2009 Japanese study, durian extract strongly

inhibits the

enzyme aldehyde

dehydrogenase

(ALDH), used by the liver to break down alcohol. This might account for a piece of traditional Asian folklore: that getting intoxicated while eating durians can lead to death. Exercise A. Please identify the following bolded words as Verb (V), Noun-person (NP), Noun-thing (NT) and adjective (ADJ):

If you’ve smelled a durian even once, you probably remember it. Even with the husk intact, the notorious Asian fruit has such a potent stench that it’s banned on the Singapore Rapid Mass Transit. Food writer Richard Sterling has written “its odor is best described as…turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock. It can be smelled from yards away.” A small minority, though, love the smell and taste of the

fruit. Anthony

Bourdain

calls

it “indescribable,

something you will either love or despise…Your breath will smell as if you’d been French-kissing your dead grandmother.” The fruit’s flesh is sometimes eaten raw, or is 136

cooked and used to flavor a number of traditional Southeast Asian dishes and candies. It’s also used in traditional Asian medicine,

as

both

an

anti-fever

treatment

and

a aphrodisiac. Our “Off the Road” blog profiled a pair of intrepid travelers on a year-long journey planned around tasting different varieties of durian. What everyone can agree on is that the fruit’s odor, whether pleasant or dreadful, is uncommonly potent. Now, in a new study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, a group of scientists from the German Research Center for Food Chemistry has attempted to figure out how exactly the fruit produces such a powerful stench. In breaking down aroma extract, taken from Thai durians, with a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph, the team, led by Jia-Ziao Li, pinpointed 50 discrete compounds in the fruit responsible for its uncommon aroma. Those compounds included eight that hadn’t been detected in durians before—and four compounds that had been completely unknown to science.

137

Their analysis suggests that it is not any single compound but instead the mixture of different chemicals that produces the fruit’s powerful stench. The compounds are identified by their chemical formulas, which are likely cryptic to anyone without a degree in organic chemistry (1{sulfanyl}ethanethiol, for example), but the research team associated each one with a particular odor. What’s interesting is that none of the compounds individually seem to match with the characteristic durian smell—they range widely, and include labels like fruity, skunky, metallic, rubbery, burnt, roasted onion, garlic, cheese, onion and honey. A number of them have been detected in just a few other substances, such as cooked beef, yeast extract, dried squid and leeks. Somehow, the combination of these 50 chemicals produces the powerful scent that has entranced and repulsed people the world over. Even apart from the smell, durians are a scientific marvel. According to a 2009 Japanese study, durian extract strongly

inhibits the

enzyme aldehyde

dehydrogenase

(ALDH), used by the liver to break down alcohol. This

138

might account for a piece of traditional Asian folklore: that getting intoxicated while eating durians can lead to death.

B. Please identify the the tenses of each sentences in the following passage. You have to underline the subject, the verb, or adjective in every sentences.

1. If you’ve smelled a durian even once, you probably remember it. 2. Even with the husk intact, the notorious Asian fruit has such a potent stench that it’s banned on the Singapore Rapid Mass Transit. 3. Food writer Richard Sterling has written “its odor is best described as…turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock. 4. It can be smelled from yards away.” 5. A small minority, though, love the smell and taste of the fruit. 6. Anthony Bourdain calls it “indescribable, something you will either love or despise…

139

7. Your breath will smell as if you’d been French-kissing your dead grandmother.” 8. The fruit’s flesh is sometimes eaten raw, or is cooked and used to flavor a number of traditional Southeast Asian dishes and candies. 9.

It’s also used in traditional Asian medicine, as both an anti-fever treatment and a aphrodisiac.

10. Our “Off the Road” blog profiled a pair of intrepid travelers on a year-long journey planned around tasting different varieties of durian. 11. What everyone can agree on is that the fruit’s odor, whether pleasant or dreadful, is uncommonly potent. 12. Now, in a new study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, a group of scientists from the German Research Center for Food Chemistry has attempted to figure out how exactly the fruit produces such a powerful stench. 13. In breaking down aroma extract, taken from Thai durians, with a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph, the team, led by Jia-Ziao Li, pinpointed 50 discrete compounds in the fruit responsible for its uncommon aroma. 14. Those compounds included eight that hadn’t been detected in durians before—and four compounds that had been completely unknown to science. 140

15. Their analysis suggests that it is not any single compound but instead the mixture of different chemicals that produces the fruit’s powerful stench. 16. The compounds are identified by their chemical formulas, which are likely cryptic to anyone without a degree in organic chemistry (1-{sulfanyl}ethanethiol, for example), but the research team associated each one with a particular odor. 17. What’s interesting is that none of the compounds individually seem to match with the characteristic durian smell—they range widely, and include labels like fruity, skunky, metallic, rubbery, burnt, roasted onion, garlic, cheese, onion and honey. 18. A number of them have been detected in just a few other substances, such as cooked beef, yeast extract, dried squid and leeks. 19. Somehow, the combination of these 50 chemicals produces the powerful scent that has entranced and repulsed people the world over. 20. Even apart from the smell, durians are a scientific marvel. 21. According to a 2009 Japanese study, durian extract strongly inhibits the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), used by the liver to break down alcohol.

141

22. This might account for a piece of traditional Asian folklore: that getting intoxicated while eating durians can lead to death.

References McGregor, W. B. (2009). Linguistics: an Introduction (chap.5).

Continuum

International

publishing

Group: London. Murphy, R. (1994). English Grammar in Use . Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. http://languagelearningbase.com/ http://www.eslcafe.com/ www.engVid.com http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/simplepast-tense.html http://www.belajaringgris.net/simple-past-tense-800.html http://www.wordsmile.com http://examples.yourdictionary.com/acrostic-poemexamples.html http://www.poetry4kids.com/blog/lessons/how-to-write-anacrostic-poem/ http://www.indonesiapoint.com/festivals/ramadandates.html http://www.indonesiapoint.com/weather-of-indonesia.html http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/or angutan/ http://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/englishlessons-level-3/1190-conversation-between-2-friendsmaking-plans 142

http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/05/10contoh-soal-bahasa-inggris-tentang-future-tense-danjawaban.html http://www.studyandexam.com Source: Based on Kathy Broeckel, Seniour Fellow, U.S Embassy, 2006 https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=bird+who+ sing%2B+snowball (snowball sing/bird who sing+ snowball) john sebunya the ugandan monkey boy acara on the spot-7 hewan terlucu-teraneh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZrioDJZKBU (hewan patah hati) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTJ7J34otdw (7 hewan setia pada majikannya) APPENDIX Types of Pronoun There five types of pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun 2. Possessive Pronoun 3. Reflixive Pronoun 4. Relative Pronoun 5. Demonstrative Pronoun Personal Pronouns. Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.

143

Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them). Types of Pronoun There five types of pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun 2. Possessive Pronoun 3. Reflixive Pronoun 4. Relative Pronoun 5. Demonstrative Pronoun Personal Pronouns Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group. Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them). Example. He helps poor. The pronoun “he” in above sentence describes a person who helps poor. Use of Personal Pronouns. Namber

Person

Singular

1st Person

Personal Pronoun Subject

Object

I

Me 144

Plural

2nd Person

You

You

3rd Person

He, She, It

Him, Her, It

1st Person

We

Us

2nd Person

You

You

3rd Person

They

Them

Examples. She is intelligent They are playing chess. He sent me a letter. It is raining. We love our country. The teacher appreciated them. I met him yesterday. He gave her a gift. Did you go to home? Possessive Pronouns Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person. e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, hers, Example. This book is mine. The pronoun “mine” describes the relationship between book and a person (me) who possesses this book or who is the owner of this book. 145

Namber

Singular

Plural

Person

Possessive Pronoun

1st Person

Mine

2nd Person

Yours

3rd Person

Hers, his, its

1st Person

Ours

2nd Person

Yours

3rd Person

Theirs

Examples. That car is hers. Your book is old. Mine is new. The pen on the table is mine. The smallest cup is yours. The voice is hers. The car is ours not theirs. I have lost my camera. May I use yours? They received your letter. Did you received theirs. Note: Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun. Examples.

146

This is my book. (Possessive adjective: “my” modifies the noun “book”) This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun: “mine” is used instead of noun “to whom the book belongs”) Reflexive Pronoun. Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself. e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself are reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object. Namber Person 1st Person

Subject

Reflive Pronoun

I

Myself

Singular 2nd Person You

Yourself

3rd Person He, she, it Himself, Herself, Itself 1st Person Plural

We

Ourselves

2nd Person You

Yourselves

3rd Person They

Themselves

Examples. I looked at myself in the mirror. 147

You should think about yourself. They prepared themselves for completion. She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize. He bought a car for himself. He locked himself in the room. He who loves only himself is a selfish. Note: Reflexive noun can also be used to give more emphasis on subject or object. If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object, it is called“Intensive Pronoun”. Usage and function of intensive pronoun are different from that of reflexive pronoun. For example, she herself started to think about herself. In the above sentence the first “herself” is used as intensive pronoun while the second “herself” is used as reflexive pronoun. See the following examples of intensive pronouns. Examples. (Intensive Pronouns) I did it myself. OR. I myself did it. She herself washed the clothes. He himself decided to go to New York. She herself told me.

148

Reciprocal Pronouns. Reciprocal Pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects reciprocate to the other. or Reciprocal pronouns are used when two subjects act in same way towards each other,or, more subjects act in same way to one another. For example, A loves B and B love A. we can say that A and B loves each other. There are two reciprocal pronouns Each other One another.

Examples. John and Marry are talking to each other. The students gave cards to one another. The people helped one another in hospital. Two boys were pushing each other. The car and the bus collided with each other. The students in the class greeted one another. Relative Pronouns. Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it. Or 149

Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences. For example, It is the person, who helped her. In this sentence the word “who” is a relative pronoun which refers to the noun (the person) which is already mentioned in beginning of sentence (It is the person) and more information (he helped her) is given after using a relative pronoun (who) for the noun (the person). Similarly, in above sentence the pronoun “who” joins two clauses which are “it is the person” and “who helped her”. Examples. The most commonly used five relative pronouns are, who, whom, whose, which, that. “Who” is for subject and “whom” is used for object. “who” and “whom” are used for people. “Whose” is used to show possession and can be used for both people and things. “Which” is used for things. “That” is used for people and things. Examples. It is the girl who got first position in class. Adjective is a word that modifies noun. The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person. It is the planning that makes succeed. 150

The boy who is laughing is my friend. It is the boy whose father is doctor. The car which I like is red. Demonstrative Pronouns. Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things. e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neither These pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time. Short distance or time: This, these. Long distance or time: That, those. Demonstrative pronouns “this and that” are used for singular thing while “these or those” are used for plural things. Examples This is black. That is heavy. Can you see these? Do you like this? John brought these. Those look attractive. Have you tried this. Link Words

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