BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1.
Kesimpulan
1. Ekstrak buah rambusa memiliki senyawa fitokimia yaitu senyawa alkaloid, fenolik, flavonoid, dan kardiak glikosida. 2. Kandungan bioaktif ekstrak buah rambusa yaitu total fenol sebesar 6,532±1,015 mg GAE/g (dry base) dan total flavonoid 1,555±0,271 mg CE/g (dry base). 3. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak buah rambusa yaitu kemampuan menangkal radikal DPPH sebesar 0,996±0,153 mg GAE/g (dry base) dan kemampuan mereduksi ion besi sebesar 1,122±0,165 mg GAE/g (dry base). 4. Ekstrak buah rambusa tergolong sebagai antioksidan kuat berdasarkan nilai IC50 ˂ 50 ppm yaitu sebesar 41,40 ppm. 5. Buah rambusa memiliki kadar air sebesar 85,36±0,36% (wet base), kadar abu sebesar 12,65±0,73% (dry base), kadar lemak sebesar 1,55±0,07& (dry base), dan kadar protein sebesar 47,37±0,35% (dry base). Rendemen bubuk ekstrak kering buah rambusa sebesar 8,81±1,36%. 5.2.
Saran Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai metode ekstraksi
buah rambusa sehingga diperoleh ektrak buah rambusa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi. Metode ekstraksi dalam penelitian ini kurang efisien karena proses pengeringan dengan freeze dryer tegolong mahal dan masih banyak bubuk ekstrak kering buah rambusa yang tersisa di labu freeze dry. 35
DAFAR PUSTAKA
Ainsworth, E. A. and K. M. Gillespie. 2007. Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Other Oxidation Substrates in Plant Tissues Using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. Nature Protocols. 2(4): 875-877. Aji, R.M. 2014. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Ekstrak Daging Daun Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) Menggunakan Metode DPPH (1,1- Diphenyl-2Picrilhydrazyl), Skripsi S-1, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/25638/3/R AHMAN%20MUKTI%20AJI-FKIK.pdf, (20 Oktober 2016). Aksoy, L., E. Kolay, Y. Agilonu, Z. Aslan, and M. Kargioglu. 2013. Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Total Phenolic Content, Total Antioxidant Status, and Total Oxidant Status of Endemic Thermopsis turcica, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. (20): 235-239. Cahyanta, A.N. 2016. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Pare Metode Kompleks Kolorimetridengan Pengukuran Absorbansi secara Spektrofotometri, http://id.portalgaruda.org/article.php?article=447782&val=9479, (20 Oktober 2016): 58-61. Cholisoh, Z dan W. Utami. 2007. Uji Daya Reduksi Ekstrak Etanol 70% Biji Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa) terhadap Ion Ferri. Pharmacon. 8(2): 33-39. Clarkson, P.M. and H.S. Thompson. 2000. Antioxidants: What Role Do They Play in Physical Activity and Health?, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (72): 637-646. Daniel, M. 2006. Medicinal Plants Chemistry and Properties. USA: Science Publishers: 9-11. Duke, J.A. 2009. Medicinal Plants of Latin America. New York: CRC Press: 501-502. 36
37 FAO. 1997. Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims. http://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/351/CXG_023e.pdf (22 Februari 2017). Gupta, S.D. 2011. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant in Higher Plants. New York: CRC Press: 295-297. Harborne, J.B. 1987. Phytochemical Methods 2nd Edition. New York: Chapman and Hall: 27-28. Harborne, J.B. 1996. Metode Fitokimia. Padmawinata, K. dan I. Soediro, penerjemah. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung: 201. Hardiana, R., Rudiyansyah dan T.A. Zaharah. 2012. Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa Golongan Fenol dari Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Famili Malvaceae. Jurnal Kimia dan Kemasan. 1(1): 8-13. Hanifa, R.A., Y. Lukmayani, dan L. Syafnir. 2015. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan serta Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total dari Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray), Prosiding Penelitian Sivitas Akademika Unisba. (2): 164-170. http://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/farmasi/article/view/1663. (20 Oktober 2016). Hariyadi, P. 2013. Freeze Drying Technology for Better Quality and Flavor of Dried Products, Food Review Indonesia. 8(2): 52-57. Herawati, H. 2008. Penentuan Umur Simpan pada Produk Pangan, Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 27(4): 124-130. Hoe, V.B and K.H. Siong. 1999. The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak, Asia Pacific Journal Clinical Nutrition, 8(1): 24-31. Istiqomah. 2013. Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Sokletasi terhadap Kadar Piperin Buah Cabe Jawa (Piperis retrofracti fructus), Skripsi S-1. Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, UniversitasIslam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/24306/1/Is tiqomah-fkik.pdf, (18 November 2016).
38 Jun, M.H.Y., J. Fong, X. Wan, C.S. Yang, and C.T. Ho. 2003. Camparison of Antioxidant Activities of Isoflavones Form Kudzu Root (Puerarua labata O). Journal Food Science Institute of Technologist. 68:21172122. Karkare, S.S. 2007. Cardiac glycosides from Strophanthus boivinii, https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09062007000547/unrestricted/Thesis-chap_2.pdf, (20 Oktober 2016). Kumar, S., D. Kumar, Manjusha, K. Saroha, N. Singh and B. Vashishta. 2008. Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Methanolic Fruit Extract. Acta Pharmaceutica. 58: 215-220. Kurniawati, Evy. 2013. Kualitas Jelly Kulit Buah Markisa (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener) dengan Variasi Suhu dan Waktu Ekstraksi Pektin, Skripsi S-1. Fakultas Teknobiologi, Universitas Atma Jaya, Yogyakarta. http://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/3967/, (25 Mei 2017). Lapornik, B., M. Prosek, and A.G. Wondra. 2004. Comparison of Extracts Prepared from Plant By-Products Using Different Solvents and Extraction Time. Journal of Food Engineering. 71: 214-222. Letham, D.S. 1963. Regulators of Cell Division in Plant Tissues, New Zealand Journal of Botany 1(3): 336-350. Lim, T.K. 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 4 Fruits . New York: Springer: 166-172. Manzoor, M., F. Anwar, Z. Mahmood, U. Rashid, and M. Ashraf. 2012. Variation in Minerals, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Peel and Pulp of Different Varieties of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit from Pakistan. Molecules. 17: 6491-6506. Molyneux, P. 2004. The Use of Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Journal Science Technology. 26(2): 211-219. Muntana, N., and S. Prasong. 2010. Study on Total Phenolic Contents and Their Antioxidant Activities of Thai White, Red, and Black Rice Bran Extracts. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 13(4): 170174.
39 Oliveira, J.B.D., J.V.G.D. Neves, and M.V.D. Silva. 2016. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of The Hydroethanolic Extract of Passiflora edulis F. flavicarpa Residues. Boletim Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos. 34(1): 75-84. Park, Y.S., S.J. Kim, and H.I. Chang. 2008. Isolation of Anthocyanins from Black Rice (Heugjinjubyeo) and Screening of Its Antioxidant Activities. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology. 36(1): 55-60. Patil, A.S., H.M. Paikrao, and S.R. Patil. 2013. Passiflora Foetida Linn: A Complete Morphological and Phytopharmacological Review, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 4(1): 285-296. Pazil, S.N. 2009. Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daging Pisang Raja (Musa aab ‘Pisang Raja’) dengan Vitamin A, Vitamin C, dan Katekin Melalui Penghitungan Bilangan Peroksida, Skripsi S1, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/123362-S09092fkPerbandingan%20aktivitas-HA.pdf, (20 Oktober 2016). Pengelly, A. 2004. The Constituents of Medicinal Plants. Australia: Sunflower Herbals: 22-24. Pokorny, J., N. Yanishlieva, and M. Gordon. 2001. Antioxidants in Food Practical Applications. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Inc.: 1017, 30-32. Rabeta, M.S. and S.P. Lin. 2015. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Berries of Cayratia trifolia, Sains Malaysiana. 44(2): 275-280. Rice-Evans, C.A. and L. Parker. 1998. Flavonoids in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.: 1-3. Sandhiutami, N.M.D. 2010. Antioxidant Activity Test and Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents from Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus LAM), http://dosen.univpancasila.ac.id/dosenfile/201021105813695040372 6May2013.pdf, (20 Oktober 2016). Saroya, A.M. 2011. Herbalism, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacology. New York: CRC Press: 105-107.
40 Sayuti, K. dan R. Yenrina. 2015. Antioksidan Alami dan Sintetik. Padang: Andalas University Press: 75-76. Shahidi, F. 2015. Handbook of Antioxidant for Food Preservation. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing: 337-340. Simirgiotis, M.J., G.S. Hirschmann, J. Borquez, and E.J. Kennelly. 2013. The Passiflora tripartita (Banana Passion) Fruit: A Source of Bioactive Flavonoid C-Glycosides Isolated by HSCCC and Characterized by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS/MS. Molecules. 18: 16721692. Singleton, V.L. and J.A. Rossi. 1965. Colorimetry of Total Phenolic with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagent. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3): 144-158. Sompong, R., S. Siebenhandl-Ehn, G. Linsberger-Martin and E. Berghofer. 2011. Physicochemical and Antioxidative Properties of Red and Black Rice Varieties from Thailand, China and Sri Lanka. Food Chemistry. 124:132-140. Stanilova, M., R. Gorgorov, A. Trendafilova, M. Nikolova, and A. Vitkova. 2012. Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on in vitro Growth, Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Alchemilla mollis, Natual Products Communication. 7(1): 1-6. Sudarmadji, S. 2007. Prosedur Analisa untuk Bahan Makanan dan Pertanian. Yogyakarta: Liberty: 67-69, 83, 99-100. Sutrisna, E.M. 2013. Preventif Penyakit Degeneratif dengan Pola Hidup, Seminar Nasional, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhamaddiyah, Surakarta. https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/bitstream/handle/11617/3272/PEN YAKIT%20DEGENERATIF.pdf?sequence=3, (5 Oktober 2016). Tiong, S.H., C.Y. Looi, H. Hazni, A. Arya, M. Paydar, W.F. Wong, S.C. Cheah, M.R. Mustafa, and K. Awang. 2013. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus(L.) G. Don. Molecules. 18:9770-9784. Widyawati, P.S., C.H. Wijaya, P.S. Hardjosworo, and D. Sajuthi. 2013. Evaluasi Aktivitas Antioksidatif Ekstrak Daun Beluntas (Pluchea
41 indica) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Ruas Daun, http://download.portalgaruda.org/article.php?article=180904&val=6 221&title=Antioksidan%20Beluntas. (25 Februari 2017). Widyawati, P.S., T.D.W. Budianta, F.A. Kusuma, and E.L. Wijaya. 2014. Difference of Solvent Polarity to Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pluchea indicia Less Leaves Extracts, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 6(4): 850-855. Wijaya, E.L. 2014. Perbedaan Jenis Pelarut terhadap Kemampuan ekstrak daun beluntas (Pluchea indica Less) dalam mereduksi ion besi (Fe3+), Skripsi S-1, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya, Surabaya. http://repository.wima.ac.id/9586/1/ABSTRAK.pdf, (25 Februari 2017). Yuhernita dan Juniarti. 2011. Analisis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Surian yang Berpotensi sebagai Antioksidan, Makara Sains. 15(1): 48-52. Zoecklein, B. 2006. Tannins, Color and The 2006 Season, Continued: Phenolic Compounds And Red Wine Processing. Enology Notes #117, http://www.apps.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/EN/117.html. (25 Februari 2017).
